DIATOMS: ECOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE -- DIATOMS: ECOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE -- Contents -- Preface -- The Role of Environmental Factors in Shaping Diatom Frustule: Morphological Plasticity and Teratological Forms -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Morphological Variability of Frustule -- 2.1. Frustule Size Reduction -- 2.1.1. Ph, Light and Moisture Content of Air -- 2.1.2. Nutrient and Si Limiting Conditions -- 2.1.3. Heavy Metals -- 2.1.4. Artificial Growth Conditions -- 2.2. Frustule Outline Variability -- 2.3. Frustule Ornamentation Plasticity -- 2.3.1. Salinity and Temperature -- 2.3.2. Nutrient and Si Limiting Conditions -- 2.3.3. Heavy Metals -- 3. Teratological Forms -- 3.1. Silica Uptake and Frustule Formation -- 3.1.1. Silica Uptake -- 3.1.2. Cell Valve Formation -- 3.1.3. Chemical Factors and Valve Development Processes -- 3.2. Teratological Forms and Environmental Stresses -- 3.2.1. TYPE 1: Deformed Valve Outline (Figure 1 -1b-) -- 3.2.2. TYPE 2: Changes in Striation Pattern, Costae and Septae (Figure 1 -1c-) -- 3.2.3. TYPE 3: Changes in the Structure and Position of Central and Longitudinal Areas (Figure 1 -2b-) -- 3.2.4. TYPE 4: Raphe Modifications (Figure 1 -1d-) -- 3.2.5. TYPE 5: Raphe Canal Modifications (Figure 1 -3b-) -- 3.2.6. TYPE 6: Unusual Arrangement of the Cells Forming Colonies -- 3.2.7. TYPE 7: Mixed Type -- 3.2.8. Main Causes of Teratologies (Table 1) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Marine Diatom Communities: Taxonomical Variability, Physiological Plasticity and Role in the Carbon Cycling at Coastal Upwelling Areas -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diatom Assemblages in the Northwest Area of the Alboran Sea (Mediterranean Sea) -- 2.1. The Hydrological Context -- 2.2. Composition of the Phytoplankton Communities: Analysis of the Published Data -- 2.3. Updating the Analysis of the Diatom Assemblages.

3. Eco-Physiology of the Diatom Assemblages -- 3.1. Relationship among Taxonomic Composition, Cell Abundance and Hydrological Variables -- 3.2. Physiological Features of the Diatom Type-Communities -- 3.2.1. Light Absorption Properties -- 3.2.2. Photosynthetic Performance -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A Novel Diatom Classification Method Based on Pattern Trees by Using Different Membership Functions -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pattern Trees Algorithm -- 2.1. Similarity Metrics -- 2.2. Fuzzy Aggregation Operators -- 3. Proposed Modified Membership Functions -- 3.1. Evenly Sigmoid Membership Function -- 3.2. Evenly Bell Membership Function -- 3.1. Log-Normal Membership Function -- 4. Data Description and Experimental Setup -- 4.1. Experimental Setup -- 5. Diatoms Classification Models -- 5.1. Classification models for Water Quality Classes -- Rule1 -- Rule2 -- Rule3 -- 5.2. Classification Models for Trophic State Index Classes -- Rule4 -- Rule5 -- Rule6 -- 5.3. Verification of the Model Results -- 6. Performance evaluation of the proposed method -- 6.1. Performance Evaluation of WQC -- 6.2. Comparison of the Proposed Method with Classical Classifiers -- 6.3. Structure Complexity -- 6.4. Comparison of the Over-Fitting of the Proposed Method Against Classical Classifiers -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Classification Power -- Conclusion -- Future Work -- References -- Diatom Flora of Lakes, Ponds and Streams of Kuril Islands -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Caldera Lakes -- Lagoon Lakes -- Small Lakes and Ponds -- Great Kuril Ridge -- Lesser Kuril Ridge -- Artificial Pools -- Streams and Thermal Springs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Reconstruction of Palaeo-Environmental Changes Based on Ecological Information of Diatoms in Shallow Marine Sediments: Example of a Holocene Delta Sequence on the Nobi Plain, Central Japan -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Regional Setting -- 3. Materials and Methods -- 3.1. Materials -- 3.1.1. Sediment Cores -- 3.1.2. Sedimentary Units -- 3.1.2.1. Unit A (River Channel Sediments) -- 3.1.2.2. Unit B (Fluvial to Coastal Plain Sediments) -- 3.1.2.2.1. Subunit B1 (Levee to Floodplain Sediments) -- 3.1.2.2.2. Subunit B2 (Estuary/Tidal River/Channels to Tidal Flat Sediments) -- 3.1.2.2.3. Subunit B3 (Estuary/Intertidal to Subtidal Flat Sediments) -- 3.1.2.3. Unit C (Inner Bay Sediments) -- 3.1.2.3.1. Subunit C1 (Transgressive Lag Sediments). -- 3.1.2.3.2. Subunit C2 (Inner Bay Mud). -- 3.1.2.3.3. Subunit C3 (Inner Bay Sandy Mud). -- 3.1.2.4. Unit D (delta front sediments) -- 3.1.2.4.1. Subunit D1 (Delta Front Slope Sediments) -- 3.1.2.4.2. Subunit D2 (Delta Front Platform Sediments) -- 3.1.2.5. Unit E (Delta Plain and Floodplain) -- 3.1.3. 14C Datings -- 3.2. Methods -- 3.2.1. Method of Diatom Analysis -- 3.2.2. Method of EC Analysis -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Results of Diatom Analysis (Saegusa et al., 2009) -- 4.1.1. YM Core -- 4.1.2. KZN Core -- 4.1.3. MC Core -- 4.1.4. NK Core -- 4.2. Results of EC Analysis (Niwa et al., 2010) -- 4.2.1. YM Core (Figure 3d) -- Unit B -- Unit C (C2) -- Unit D -- 4.2.2. KZN Core (Figure 4d) -- Unit B -- Unit C -- Unit D -- Unit E -- 4.2.3. MC Core (Figure 5d) -- Unit B (B1) -- Unit C -- Unit D -- Unit E -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Relationship between Diatom Assemblages and Sedimentary Units -- 5.2. Paleoenvironmental Changes in the Nobi Plain -- 5.3. Geographical Influences on the Diatom Assemblage -- 5.4. EC as a Proxy of Salinity -- 5.5. Comparison of Results of Diatom Analysis to that of EC -- Conclusion.

Acknowledgments -- References -- Ecological Role of Benthic Diatoms as Regulators of Invertebrate Physiology and Behaviour -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Algae-Associated Microorganisms -- Sexual Differentiation in Decapod Crustaceans -- The Sex Reversal in Hippolyte Inermis Leach 1815 -- Known Mechanisms of Action of Diatom Wound-Activated Compounds -- Apoptogenic Effect of Wound-Activated Compounds -- Role of Wound-Activated Compounds as Infochemicals -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Living Marine Benthic Diatoms as Indicators of Nutrient Enrichment: A Case Study in the Gulf of Trieste -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Site -- Sampling -- Diatom Abundance -- Nutrient Analyses -- Statistical Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- k-Dominance Curves -- Nutrient-Diversity Relationship -- Benthic Diatom Assemblage in Response to Nutrient Enrichment -- Fuzzy-Set Theory -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Problems and Potentialities of Using Diatoms as Paleoclimatic Indicators in Central Argentina -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Modern Diatom-Environment Relationships in -- Central Argentina -- Present Climate, Environmental Data and Water Chemistry -- Diatom Assemblages and Their Relationship to Environmental Parameters -- Diatom Richness and Diversity -- Diatom-Environment Ordination -- Diatom-Based Transfer Functions -- Paleoclimatological Significance -- MAT -- Transfer Function Application and Comparison with Other Indicators -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Reviewed By -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix I -- Paleoecological Significance of Diatoms in Argentinean Estuaries: What Do They Tell Us About the Environment? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Do Estuarine Diatoms Reliably Reflect Estuarine Environmental Conditions?.

How Much Information About Ecological Requirements of Estuarine Diatoms Do We Have? -- Rio de la Plata Estuary -- Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon -- Quequén Grande Estuary -- Quequén Salado Estuary -- Bahía Blanca Estuary -- Estuaries from Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego -- Río Negro Estuary -- Bahía San Blas Estuarine Complex -- Río Chubut Estuary -- Puerto Deseado Estuary -- Bahía San Sebastián -- Río Grande Estuary -- How Can Researchers Improve the Quality of Diatom-Based Paleoenvironmental Inferences in Coastal Settings of Argentina? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Reviewed by -- References -- Bacilli, Green Algae, Diatoms and Red Blood Cells - How Nanobiotechnological Research Inspires Architecture -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- Terminology -- Aims -- 2. Current Application Fields of Nanotechnology in Architecture -- 2.1. Surface Coatings -- 2.2. Materials -- 3. Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy -- 4. Bacilli -- 4.1. Morphogenesis -- 4.2. UV-sensitive and UV-resistant Spores -- 5. Green Algae -- 5.1. Photoreceptor -- 5.2. Pellicle -- 6. Diatoms -- 7. Red Blood Cells -- 7.1. Red Blood Cells -- 7.2. Erythropoietin -- 8. Materials and Methods -- 8.1. Bacilli -- Preparation of Spores in Aqueous Solution -- Preparation of Vegetative B. Subtilis Cells -- Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging -- Measurement of Indentation Depth -- 8.2. Red Blood Cells -- 8.3. Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Architecture -- 9. Results and Discussion -- 9.1. Bacilli -- Biomimetic Inspiration by Bacilli for Architecture - Results of the Discussion -- Transformation of Principles -- Spores -- Sporulation as Escape -- Principle of Mother and Daughter -- UV Sensitivity -- 9.2. Red Blood Cells -- Biomimetic Inspiration by Red Blood Cells for Architecture - Results of the Discussion -- Transformation of Principles.

Shape Change due to Environmental Influence.