THE H1N1 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC OF 2009 -- THE H1N1 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC OF 2009 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE 2009 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC: AN OVERVIEW -- SUMMARY -- SYNOPSIS -- KEY OFFICIAL ACTIONS BY WHO -- Determination of Influenza Pandemic Phase -- International Health Regulations -- Travel Guidance -- Food Safety Guidance7 -- KEY U.S. GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES -- Government-wide Pandemic Preparedness and Response -- Department of Homeland Security (DHS) -- Leadership Designation -- Applicability of the Stafford Act -- Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Activities -- Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) -- Determination of a Public Health Emergency -- FDA: Emergency Use Authorizations -- CDC: Travel Notices -- CDC: Disease Surveillance -- Vaccination Program -- Overview -- Vaccine development, procurement, production, and licensing -- Vaccine financing48 -- Vaccine Distribution49 -- Allocation to priority groups52 -- Adverse event monitoring -- Liability and compensation -- Naming the Virus Strain -- Key State and Local Activities -- State Pandemic Preparedness and Response -- Pandemic Preparedness and Response in Schools69 -- CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS -- APPROPRIATIONS AND FUNDING -- Public Health Emergency Funding Mechanisms -- Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for FY200985 -- Prior Funding for Pandemic Flu Preparedness -- U.S. PANDEMIC INFLUENZA PREPAREDNESS DOCUMENTS -- KEY INFORMATION SOURCES -- CRS Reports and Experts -- World Health Organization (WHO) Information -- U.S. Federal Government Information -- Additional Information -- Author Contact Information -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 THE 2009 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC: SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- EMERGENCY MEASURES -- Emergency Authorities3 -- Public health emergency authorities -- National Emergencies Act Declarations -- Stafford Act Declarations.

Section 1135 waivers or modifications -- Emergency use authorizations (for unapproved countermeasures) -- International Health Regulations (IHR)44 -- Overview of the IHR -- Declaration of a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" -- WHO Recommendations -- International response to WHO recommendations -- Quarantine and Isolation Authority61 -- Federal authorities -- Federal and state coordination -- Proposed federal regulations -- Border Entry Issues80 -- Inadmissibility of infected aliens -- Border quarantines of citizens or aliens -- Closing the border -- Airlines and Travel Restrictions92 -- Airline corporate policies -- Public health "Do Not Board" list -- Federal airspace authority -- School Closures101 -- VACCINATIONS -- Background125 -- Allocation of Vaccines132 -- Overview -- Selected federal actions prior to 2009 -- Federal actions after emergence of influenza a(H1N1) -- Legal issues -- Mandatory Vaccinations163 -- History and precedent -- Health care workers and mandatory vaccinations -- Vaccination orders during a public health emergency -- Model State Emergency Health Powers Act -- Role of the federal government -- CIVIL RIGHTS198 -- Introduction -- Constitutional Rights to Due Process and Equal Protection -- Federal Nondiscrimination Laws -- Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act -- The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) -- Individual with a disability -- Disability-related inquiries -- Reasonable accommodation -- Direct threat -- The Air Carrier Access Act236 -- LIABILITY ISSUES -- The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act)244 -- Civil Liability of Volunteers and Volunteer Health Professionals254 -- Volunteer Protection Acts -- Liability protection during a state of emergency -- Emergency mutual aid agreements -- EMPLOYMENT ISSUES -- Introduction266 -- Wrongful Discharge in Violation of Public Policy281.

The Family and Medical Leave Act289 -- Overview of family and medical leave rights -- State and federal laws providing employment protections -- Author Contact Information -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 THE 2009 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC: U.S. RESPONSES TO GLOBAL HUMAN CASES -- SUMMARY -- BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON H1N1 -- Brief Timeline of the Global Spread of H1N1 -- Available Treatments and Vaccines to H1N1 -- GLOBAL RESPONSES TO H1N1 -- U.S. INTERNATIONAL PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS EFFORTS AND RESPONSES TO H1N1 -- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- The U.S. Agency for International Development -- U.S. Assistance for International Pandemic Preparedness Efforts: FY2005-FY2010 -- CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FUTURE -- Pandemic Influenza Phases -- Capacity to Detect H1N1 -- Capacity of Developing Countries to Develop, Procure and Distribute Antivirals and Vaccines -- Possible Co-occurrence with H5N1 Avian Flu -- APPENDIX. HUMAN H1N1 CASES AS OF JUNE 22, 2009 -- Author Contact Information -- End Notes -- Chapter 4 HEARING ON H1N1 VIRUS -- INTRODUCTION -- FDA 2009 H1N1 FLU VIRUS RESPONSE -- Emergency Use Authorizations -- The FDA's Efforts on 2009 H1N1 Flu Virus -- Vaccine Team -- Antiviral team -- In vitro diagnostics team -- Personal protective equipment team -- Blood team -- Shortage team -- Consumer protection team -- FY 2006 Influenza Pandemic Funding -- Strengthening FDA capacity to expedite flu vaccine development: -- Monitoring and inspection of flu vaccine manufacturers -- FDA-wide pandemic planning and preparedness -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 5 MANDATORY VACCINATIONS: PRECEDENT AND CURRENT LAWS -- SUMMARY -- HISTORY AND PRECEDENT -- STATE MANDATORY VACCINATION LAWS -- School Vaccination Requirements -- Health Care Workers -- Vaccination Orders during a Public Health Emergency -- Model State Emergency Health Powers Act -- ROLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

Author Contact Information -- End Notes -- Chapter 6 POTENTIAL FARM SECTOR EFFECTS OF 2009 H1N1 "SWINE FLU": QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- SUMMARY -- GENERAL OVERVIEW1 -- What Is Swine Flu? -- What Is 2009 Influenza A(H1N1)? -- Why Is This New H1N1 Flu Virus Sometimes Called "Swine Flu"? -- FOOD SAFETY AND HUMAN HEALTH CONCERNS -- Can Humans Get 2009 H1N1 Flu from Eating Pork and Pork Products? -- Can Humans Get 2009 H1N1 through Contact with Pigs or with Uncooked Pork? -- Do Any Pigs Have the Virus That Has Infected Humans? -- U.S. PORK MARKET EFFECTS -- How Have U.S. Consumers Reacted to Reports of the Outbreak? -- How Have U.S. Trading Partners Reacted to Reports of the Outbreak? -- How Important Are Export Markets to the U.S. Pork Sector? -- What Share of U.S. Pork Exports Is Represented by Countries Restricting Trade? -- What Are the International Obligations of Our Trading Partners? -- What International Actions Are Being Taken? -- OTHER U.S. FARM SECTOR EFFECTS -- How Have Other U.S. Agricultural Markets Been Affected by the Outbreak? -- What Are the Estimated Aggregate Market Costs to the U.S. Agriculture Sector? -- What Type of Assistance Is the U.S. Pork Industry Seeking? -- Author Contact Information -- End Notes -- Chapter 7 QUARANTINE AND ISOLATION: SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES RELATING TO EMPLOYMENT -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- WRONGFUL DISCHARGE IN VIOLATION OF PUBLIC POLICY -- THE FAMILY AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT -- THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT (ADA) -- Overview of the ADA Definition and Employment Provisions -- Definition of disability -- Employment discrimination -- Application of the ADA -- Overview -- Definition of Disability and Isolation -- Definition of Disability, Employment Discrimination and Quarantine -- Definition of Disability and Snow Days -- Summary of ADA Application -- Author Contact Information -- End Notes.

Chapter 8 THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DURING A FLU PANDEMIC -- SUMMARY -- THE FEDERAL RESPONSE TO A FLU PANDEMIC -- The National Response Framework -- The National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza -- THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE -- Disease Surveillance -- Partner Nation Assistance -- Protecting and Treating U.S. Forces and Dependents -- Preparedness -- Communications -- Medical response -- Defense Support of Civil Authorities -- Examples of Defense Support Which Civil Authorities Might Request during a Flu Pandemic -- Mechanisms for providing DSCA -- Immediate Response -- Responding to a Request for Assistance -- Proactive Federal Response -- THE ROLE OF THE RESERVES AND NATIONAL GUARD -- The Difference between the Reserves and the National Guard -- Activating the Reserves for Pandemic Flu Response -- Activating the National Guard for Pandemic Flu Response -- State active duty -- "Title 32" status -- Federal status -- Considerations -- Author Contact Information -- End Notes -- Chapter 9 THE ROLE OF NIH-SUPPORTED RESEARCH IN THE RESPONSE TO 2009-H1N1 INFLUENZA -- SEASONAL AND PANDEMIC INFLUENZA -- BASIC SCIENCE -- VACCINES -- ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES AND DIAGNOSTICS -- SHARED RESEARCH RESOURCES -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 10 U.S. GLOBAL HEALTH RESPONSE TO A NOVEL 2009-H1N1 INFLUENZA VIRUS -- GLOBAL RESPONSE -- DOMESTIC RESPONSE -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 11 REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ON U.S. PREPARATIONS FOR 2009-H1N1 INFLUENZA -- I. INTRODUCTION AND CHARGE -- Chapter Summary -- BOX 1A: THE 2009-H1N1 INFLUENZA VIRUS -- Main Conclusion -- II. THE U.S. EXPERIENCE WITH INFLUENZA OVER THE LAST CENTURY -- Chapter Summary -- Introduction -- 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic -- 1976 Swine Flu "Fiasco" -- Other Pandemics -- Avian Flu -- Lessons for Fall 2009 -- III. ANTICIPATING THE RETURN OF 2009-H1N1: ENVISIONING SCENARIOS -- Chapter Summary.

Introduction.