MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS RESIDUES CONTAINING CR(VI) -- MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS RESIDUES CONTAINING CR(VI) -- Contents -- Preface -- The Transfer and Speciation Transformation of Cr Leaching From Hazardous Wastes Containing Cr (VI) in an Underground Environment -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Collection and Preparation of Soil Samples -- 3. Thermodynamics of Cr(VI), As(V) and Pb Adsorption on the Soils -- 4. Transport of Cr(VI), As(V) and Pb in Soil Unsaturated zones -- 5. Concentrations of Cr, As and Pb in Original Soils and Leached Soils -- 6. Fractions of Cr, As and Pb in Original Soils and Leached Soils -- 7. Valences of Cr and As in Original Soils and Leached Soils -- 8. Transport and Speciation Transformation of Cr(VI) and As(V) in an Aquifer -- Conclusion -- References -- Waste Management and Minimisation of the Residues Containing Cr(VI) -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ferrochrome Slag -- 3. COPR -- 3.1. Zero-Waste Technology -- 3.2. Low Lime and No Lime COPR Processes -- 4. Other Solid Wastes -- Conclusion -- References -- Technologies for Treating Cr(VI)-Containing Wastes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cr(VI) Adsorption -- 2.1. Activated Carbon -- 2.2. Biosorbents -- 3. Phytoremediation -- 4. Reduction Technologies -- 4.1. Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) -- 4.2. Photocatalysis -- 5. Bioreduction and Related Biological Treatments -- 5.1. Bacteria Types -- 5.2. Bacteria Sources -- 5.2.1. Landfill Leachate -- 5.3. Reduction Mechanisms -- 6. Stabilisation/Solidification -- Conclusion -- References -- An Overview of Chromium (VI) Free Conversion Coatings in Current Use -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cleaning and Deoxidization -- 3. Alternatives to Chromium (VI) based Conversion Coatings in Current Use -- 3.1. Chromium (III) based Conversion Coatings -- 3.2. Permanganate Based Conversion Coatings.

3.3. Phosphate Based Conversion Coatings -- 3.4. Synthetic Polymer Based Conversion Coatings -- Conclusion -- References -- Volume Reduction of Cr(VI)-Bearing Sorbent Materials -- Abstract -- 1. Removal of Cr(VI) From Wastewater Using Biosorbent -- 2. Biosorbent Preparation -- 2.1. Formaldehyde Treatment -- 2.2. Drying Procedure -- 3. Characterization Methods -- 3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 3.2. Metal Detection in Aqueous Solution -- 3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 4. Application of Kinetic and Isotherm Models to the Removal of Cr (VI) -- 4. Adsorption Kinetics -- 4.1. Adsorption Isotherms -- 5. Optimization on a Laboratory Scale of the Removal Process of Cr (VI) From Wastewater -- 6. Physical-Chemical Characterization Of Biosorbent -- 6.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 6.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 7. Drying Results of Biosorbent (Sludge) -- Conclusion -- References -- Advances in Chromium (Vi) Separations Technology From Wastewaters -- 1. Overview -- 2. Chromium (VI): Occurrence and Uses -- 3. Cancer and Other Health Effects of Chromium (VI) Compounds -- 4. The Need For Chromium (VI) Removal From Liquid Effluents and Waters -- 5. Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 6. Liquid Membranes -- 7. Adsorption and Ion-Exchange -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Selected Literature -- General -- Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- Liquid Membranes -- Adsorption & Ion-Exchange -- The Recovery of Cr (VI) in Magnetic Fe-Mg Oxide-Complex From Wastewater -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experiment -- 2.1. Synthesis of Adsorbent -- 2.2. Material Characterizations -- 2.3. Chemicals -- 2.4. Cr (VI) Concentration Analysis -- 2.5. Uptake Studies -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Effect of Calcined Temperature on the Uptake of Chromate -- 3.2. The Ph Effect on the Uptake of Cr onto the Layers of Mg/Fe Magnetic Oxide.

3.3. Effect of Total Dissolved Substance -- 3.4. Effect on the Uptake From Other Ions -- 3.5. Effect on the Contacted Time and Kinetic Behaviors -- 3.6. Effect of Chromate Concentration and Adsorption Equilibrium Isotherm -- 3.7. Regeneration and Recovery of Chromium -- Conclusion -- References -- Factors Affecting the Biological Removal of Hexavalent Chromium Using Activated Sludges -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Procedures -- 2.1. Activated Sludges -- 2.2. Cr(VI) Removal Experiments -- 2.3. Analytical Techniques -- 3. Chromium (Vi) Removal Potential of Activated Sludges -- 3.1. Cr(VI) Removal in Activated Sludge Batch Reactors is a Catalytic Mediated Process Associated to the Presence of Biomass -- 3.2. Effect of Electron Donors (Organic Substrates) on the Rate of Cr(VI) Removal by Activated Sludge -- 3.3. Thermodynamic Analysis of Cr(VI) Reduction by Organic Compounds Commonly Found in Wastewaters -- 3.4. Effect of the Type of Carbonaceous Substrate on the Cr(VI) Removal by Activated Sludge -- 3.5. Effect of Hexavalent Chromium Concentration on Cr(VI) Removal Efficiency (RE) by Activated Sludge -- 3.6. A Mathematical Model for Cr(VI) Removal by Activated Sludge. -- 3.7. Relationship between the Cr(VI) Reduction Process and Microbial Growth -- 3.8. Effect of the Initial Cr(VI) Concentration on the Activated Sludge Growth Kinetics -- Conclusion -- References -- Chromium (Vi) Galvanic Bath: Chemical Treatments and Possible Recycling Ways of the Obtained Sludges -- Abstract -- 1. The Galvanic Process -- 2. The Galvanic Sludge -- 3. Optimization on a Laboratory Scale of the Removal Process of Chromium From Galvanic Residual Water by Chemical Precipitation -- 4. Inertisation and Valorisation of the Obtained Sludge -- 5. Physical-Chemical Characterization of the Galvanic Sludge.

6. Inertisation of Galvanic Sludge: The Vitrification Process -- 7. Inertisation of Galvanic Sludge: Encapsulation in Industrial Bricks -- 8. Valorisation of Galvanic Sludge: Synthesis of Chromium Containing Pigments -- Conclusion -- References -- Incorporation of Chromium-Tanned Leather Residue in Civil Engineering: Challenges and Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Use of Tanning Industry Solid Residues in the Construction Field -- 2.1. Aggregated Leather -- 2.2. Regenerated Leather -- 2.3. Composition For Soles -- 2.4. Manufacture of Ceramic Materials -- 2.5. Use in Concrete -- 3. Use of Chromium-Tanned Leather Residue in Mortar -- 3.1. Materials -- 3.1.1. Cement -- 3.1.2. Sand -- 3.1.3. Chromium-Tanned Leather Residue (CTL) -- 3.1.3.1. CTL Characterization -- 3.1.3.2. Chemical Analysis -- 3.1.3.3. Water Absorption -- 3.2. Method -- 3.3. Results and Discussions -- 3.3.1. Mortar Consistency Index -- 3.3.2. Apparent Mass Density and Void Rate -- 3.3.3. Water Retention -- 3.3.4. Water Absorption by Immersion, Void Index and Specific Mass -- 3.3.5. Capillarity Water Absorption -- 3.3.6. Apparent Mass Density -- 3.3.7. Compressive Strength -- 3.3.8. Diametral Compression Strength -- 3.3.9. Total and Hexavalent Chromium -- 4. Use of Chromium-Tanned Leather Residue in Asphalt Micro-Surface Layer -- 4.1. Materials -- 4.1.1. Identification of the Materials Used -- 4.1.2. Aggregates -- 4.1.3. Asphalt Emulsion -- 4.2. Method -- 4.2.1. Determination of the Kind of Residue Incorporated to the Asphalt Micro-Surface Layer -- 4.2.2. Experimental Performance Test -- 4.2.2.1. Determination of Loss by Wet Abrasion - WTAT (NBR 14746, ABNT, 2001) -- 4.2.2.2. Determination of Excess Asphalt and Sand Adhesion(NBR 14841, ABNT 2002) -- 4.2.2.3. Determination of the Optimum Asphalt Emulsion Content.

4.2.2.4. Determination of the Cohesion and Characteristics of Cure Using the Cohesimeter (NBR 14798, ABNT 2002) -- 4.3. Results and Discussions -- 4.3.1. Wet Abrasion Test Loss (WTAT) -- 4.3.2. Excess Asphalt and Sand Adhesion -- 4.3.3. Optimum Asphalt Emulsion Content -- 4.3.4. Cure Test Using the Cohesimeter -- 4.3.5. Leaching Test - NBR 10005 (ABNT, 2004) -- 4.3.6. Implementation of the Road Stretch -- Final Considerations -- References -- Use of Industrial Waste with Chromium in Construction -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Chromium -- 1.2. Solidification/ Stabilization Processes -- 1.3. Solidification/Stabilization of Wastes with Chromium -- 2. A Case Study -- 2.1. Waste's Physicochemical Characterization -- 2.2. Design and Development of Concrete -- 2.3. Concrete Dosage -- 2.3.1. Preliminary Design of Standard Concrete (Concrete Comparison) -- 2.3.2. Used Materials -- 2.3.3. Used Dosage -- 2.4. Results -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Recovery and Re-Use of Chromium from the Waste Generated by Leather Industry -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Possibility of Oxidation of Cr (III) to Cr (VI) -- 3. Potential Dangers of Hexavalent Chromium in Connection with Leather Goods -- 4. Existing Solutions for Chromium Tanned Waste -- A) Waste Dumps -- B) Combustion -- C) Pyrolysis or Carbonization -- D) Chemical Treatment -- E) Direct Application of Solid Tannery Waste -- 5. Processing Manipulation Waste and Used Leather Goods -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Study of Stabilization/Solidification Process of Tannery Waste Containing Chromium -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1. NMR Analysis -- 2.2. XRD Analysis -- 2.3. NCDTA Analysis -- 2.4. DTA/DTG Analysis -- 2.5. UCS Analysis -- 2.6. TCLP Analysis -- 3. Experimental -- 3.1. NMR -- 3.2. NCDTA -- 3.3. DTA/DTG -- 3.4. UCS -- 3.5. TCLP.

Conclusion.