PRACTICAL RAPID ECG INTERPRETATION (PREI) -- PRACTICAL RAPID ECG INTERPRETATION (PREI) -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Introduction to ECG Interpretation -- 1.1. Impulse Formation and the Action Potential -- 1.2. Impulse Propagation -- 1.3. Waves, Intervals, and Segments -- 1.4. Standard 12 Leads of a Surface ECG -- 1.5. Practical, Rapid ECG Interpretation: A Summary -- Step 1. Arrhythmias: Rate and Rhythm -- Step 2. Bundle Branch Blocks: QRS Width and Morphologic Characteristics -- Step 3. Electrocardiographic Signs of Cardiac Ischemia -- Step 4. Enlargement of Heart Chambers: Axis and Hypertrophy -- Step 5. Other Clinically Important Electrocardiographic Findings -- Arrhythmia -- Rate and Rhythm -- 2.1. Rhythms with Normal Heart Rate -- 2.1.1. Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR) -- 2.1.2. Accelerated Junctional Rhythm (AJR) -- 2.1.3. Premature Beats -- 2.2. Bradyarrhythmia -- 2.2.1. Sinus Node Dysfunction -- 2.2.1.1. Sinus Bradycardia -- 2.2.1.2. Sinus Pause -- 2.2.1.3. Junctional Rhythm -- 2.2.1.4. Idioventricular Rhythm or Ventricular Escape Rhythm -- 2.2.1.5. Sinoatrial Exit Block -- 2.2.1.6. Management Pearls -- 2.2.2. Atrioventricular Blocks -- 2.2.2.1.First-Degree AV Block -- 2.2.2.2. Second-Degree AV Block -- 2.2.2.3. Third-Degree (Complete) AV Block -- 2.2.2.4. Management Pearls -- 2.3. Tachyarrhythmia -- 2.3.1. Regular Narrow Complex Tachycardia -- 2.3.1.1. Sinus Tachycardia -- 2.3.1.2. Atrial Flutter -- 2.3.1.3. Atrial Tachycardia -- 2.3.1.4. Accelerated AV Junctional Rhythm -- 2.3.1.5. Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT) -- 2.3.1.6. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome -- 2.3.1.7. Summary of the Effect of Adenosine or Carotid Massage on Narrow Complex Regular Tachycardia -- 2.3.2. Irregular Narrow Complex Tachycardia -- 2.3.2.1. Atrial Fibrillation -- 2.3.2.2. Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia.

2.3.3. Regular Wide Complex Tachycardia -- 2.3.3.1. Ventricular Tachycardia -- 2.3.3.2. Differentiating VT from SVT with Aberrancy -- 2.3.4. Irregular Wide Complex Tachycardia -- 2.3.4.1. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia -- 2.3.4.2. Torsade de Pointes -- 2.3.4.3. Ventricular Fibrillation -- 2.3.5. Management Pearls -- Bundle Branch Blocks -- the QRS Width and Morphology (Also Fascicular Blocks) -- 3.1. Right Bundle Branch Block -- 3.2. Left Bundle Branch Block -- 3.3. Nonspecific Intraventricular Conduction Delay -- 3.4. Left Anterior Fascicular Block -- 3.5. Left Posterior Fascicular Block -- 3.6. Bifascicular Block -- 3.6.1. RBBB + LAFB -- 3.6.2. RBBB + LPFB -- 3.7. Trifascicular Block -- Electrocardiographic Signs of Cardiac Ischemia -- 4.1. Hyperacute T Waves -- 4.2. ST Segment Elevation -- 4.2.1. Localizing the Myocardial Infarction -- 4.2.2. Differential Diagnoses of ST Segment Elevation -- 4.3. New Left Bundle Branch Blocks -- 4.4. ST Segment Depression -- 4.5. T Wave Inversion -- 4.6. Pathological Q Waves -- 4.7. Poor 'R' Wave Progression -- 4.8. Tall 'R' Wave in V1 to V3 -- 4.9. Inverted 'U' Wave -- Enlargement of Heart Chambers -- Axis and Hypertrophies -- 5.1. Electrical Axis of the Heart -- 5.1.1. Left Axis Deviation -- 5.1.2. Right Axis Deviation -- 5.1.3. Extreme Axis Deviation -- 5.2. Ventricular Hypertrophy and Atrial Enlargement -- 5.2.1. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy -- 5.2.2. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy -- 5.2.3. Biventricular Hypertrophy -- 5.2.4. Left Atrial Enlargement -- 5.2.5. Right Atrial Enlargement -- 5.2.6. Biatrial Enlargement -- Other Clinically Important ECG Findings -- 6.1. Pericarditis, Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade -- 6.2. Digitalis, and Digitalis Intoxication -- 6.3. Long and Short QT Interval -- 6.4. Important Pulmonary Diseases -- 6.5. ECG Findings in Electrolyte Abnormalities.

6.5.1. Hyperkalemia -- 6.5.2. Hypokalemia -- 6.5.3. Other Electrolyte Abnormalities -- 6.6. Cardiac Pacing -- 6.6.1. Introduction to Cardiac Pacing -- 6.6.2. Pacing Modes -- Nomenclature -- Codes: -- Various Pacing Modes: -- Mortality Rate and Pacing Mode: -- VVI Mode -- AAI Mode -- DDD Mode -- 6.6.3. Other Features -- AV Delay -- Refractory Period -- The Lower Rate Limit -- The Upper Rate Limit -- Mode Switching -- Rate Responsiveness or Rate Modulation (Position IV of the code) -- Rate Drop -- Reducing Right Ventricular Pacing -- 6.6.4. ECG Interpretation in Cardiac Pacing -- Common Pacemaker Malfunctions -- About the Authors -- Abraham G. Kocheril, MD, FACC, FACP -- Ali A. Sovari, MD -- Index.