A PRACTITIONER'S GUIDE TO COMMONANO-RECTAL DISEASES -- Contents -- Preface -- The Rectum and the Anal Canal -- The Rectum -- The Anal Canal -- Mucous Membrane -- Ano-Rectal Examination -- History -- Positions of the Patient duringAno-rectal Examination -- Examination of Anus and Perineum -- Inspection of the Anal Region -- Normal Findings -- Palpation of the Anal Canal and Rectum -- Normal Findings -- Inspection of the Gloved Examination Finger Is aMust for any Digital Rectal Examination -- Abnormal Findings -- Anoscopy -- Caution -- Conditions Visible on Anoscopy -- Proctoscopy -- Sigmoidoscopy -- Flexible Sigmoidoscopy -- Preparation -- Rigid Sigmoidoscopy -- Risks -- Colonoscopy -- Description -- A Word of Caution! -- Newer and Advanced Investigations -- Ano-Rectal Pathologies at a Glance -- Anal Bleeding -- Hemorrhoids -- External Hemorrhoids -- Internal Hemorrhoids -- Pruritus Ani -- Rectal Prolapse -- Anal Suppurative Diseases -- Cryptitis and Papillitis -- Abscess -- Fistula-in-Ano -- Pilonidal Disease -- Anal Fissure -- Anal Tags -- Hypertrophied Anal Papilla or Fibrous Anal Polyp -- Polyps -- Anal Stricture or Narrowing -- Anal Warts or Condylomas -- Ano-Rectal Inflammatory Disease -- Crohn's Disease -- Ulcerative Colitis -- Endoscopy -- Solitary Rectal Ulcer -- Human Immunodeficiency Virus inAno-rectal Lesions -- Anal Mass or Tumor -- Palpable Mass -- Malignancy of the Anus and Rectum -- Dyschezia or Obstructed Defecation -- Fecal Incontinence -- Fecal Impaction -- Rectal Injuries -- Ano-Perianal Tuberculosis -- Actinomycosis -- Anal Fissure or Fissure-in-Ano -- Pathophysiology of Anal Fissure -- Clinical Picture -- Diagnosing Anal Fissure -- Medical Therapy -- Chemical Sphincterotomy-Nitric Oxide Donor -- Botulinum Toxin -- Calcium Antagonists -- Surgical Therapy -- Anal Dilatation -- Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy.

Postoperative Details -- Follow-up -- Complications -- Infection -- Bleeding -- Fistula Formation -- Incontinence -- Recurrence or Non-Healing of the Fissure -- Outcome and Prognosis -- Complications Associatedwith Chronic Anal Fissure -- Frequently Asked Questions about Fissure-in-ano -- Hemorrhoids or Piles -- Frequency -- Etiology -- Pathophysiology -- Relevant Anatomy -- Presentation -- External Hemorrhoids -- Clinical Examination -- Staging -- Investigating Hemorrhoids -- Laboratory Studies -- Imaging Studies -- Treatment -- Conservative Treatment -- Medical Therapy -- Injection Sclerotherapy -- Rubber Banding of Hemorrhoids -- Surgical Therapy -- Preoperative Preparations -- Complications -- Crohn's Disease -- HIV Infection -- Ano-Rectal Abscess and Fistula -- Pathophysiologyh -- Anatomy -- Differential Diagnosis -- Incidence -- History -- Physical Examination -- Causes -- Investigations -- Imaging Studies -- Confirmation of Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Drainage of Abscess in the Operation Room -- Expecting Best Outcome -- Medication -- Postoperative Management -- Complications -- Iatrogenic Problem -- Fistula-in-Ano -- Frequency -- Etiology -- Pathophysiology -- Anatomy -- Presentation -- History -- Signs and Symptoms -- Physical Examination -- Parks Classification of Anal Fistula -- Differential Diagnoses -- Treatment -- Current Anal Fistula Terminology -- Investigation -- Fistulography -- Endoanal/Endorectal Ultrasound -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- CT Scan -- Anal Manometry -- Proctosigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy -- Treatment -- Medical Therapy -- Surgical Therapy -- Fistulotomy/Fistulectomy -- Seton Placement -- Mucosal Advancement Flap -- Newer Treatment -- Follow-up -- Complications -- Infection -- Sphincter Muscle Damage -- Outcome and Prognosis -- Pruritus Ani or Anal Itch -- Introduction -- Etiology -- Examination -- Pathology -- Treatment.

Instructing the Patients -- Rectal Prolapse -- Adult Rectal Prolapse -- Causes -- Pathophysiology -- Presentation -- Physical Exam -- Diagnosis -- Laboratory Studies -- Imaging Studies -- Other Tests -- Treatment -- Emergency Treatment in Case of Irreducible or IncarceratedProlapse (Figure 3) -- Definitive Treatment -- Complications -- Rectal Prolapse in Children -- Background -- Causes -- Physical Examination -- Treatment -- Medical Care -- Surgical Care -- Prognosis -- Rectal Mucosal Prolapse -- Constipation -- Causes of Constipation -- Primary Constipation -- Secondary Constipation -- Treatment -- Investigating a Patient with Constipation -- Non-Pharmacologic Treatments -- Bowel Training -- Dietary Fiber Intake -- Fluid Intake -- Regular Exercise -- Pharmacologic Treatment -- Bulk Laxatives -- Osmotic Laxatives -- Stimulant Laxatives -- Prokinetic Agents -- Biofeedback -- Surgery -- Treating Constipation during Pregnancy -- Childhood Constipation -- Etiology -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Perianal and Pilonidal Sinus Disease -- Background -- Pathophysiology -- Etiology -- Presentation -- Treatment -- Complications -- Prognosis -- Proctology in Ante andPost Partum Period -- Hormonal, Anatomical andPhysiological Pelvic Changes -- Symptomatology of Ano-Rectal Lesionsduring Active Motherhood -- Hemorrhoids -- Treatment -- External Hemorrhoidal Thrombosis -- Anal Fissure -- Other Anorectal Lesions in Pregnancy -- Ano-Rectal Problems in the Elderly -- Bowel Complaints -- Constipation -- Diarrhea -- Fecal Incontinence -- Treatment -- Lower Gastro-intestinal Hemorrhage -- Treatment -- Colorectal Malignancy -- Pediatric Proctology -- Fissure in Ano -- Hemorrhoids -- Hirschsprung's Disease -- Treatment -- Juvenile Polyp -- Fistula in Ano -- Perianal Abscess -- Sinuses around the Anus -- Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- Rectal Prolapse.

Rectal Bleeding or Hematochezia -- Doctors' Advice to the Parents -- Investigations to DiagnoseAno-Rectal Diseases -- Anal Manometry -- Recto-Anal Inhibitory Reflex -- Electrophysiological Investigationsof the Pelvic Floor -- Mucosal Electrosensitivity andThermal Sensitivity -- Perineometry -- Defecography -- Endoanal Ultrasonography -- Endoanal MRI -- Dynamic MRI -- Computerized Tomography -- Colonic Transit Studies -- Intravenous Urography -- Neurophysiological Tests -- Conclusion -- Role of Supportive Therapiesin Ano-Rectal Pathologies -- Suppositories -- Insertion Technique of Suppositories -- Complications following Use of Suppositories -- Hemorrhoid Creams -- Directions -- Other Topical Applications -- Sitz Bath -- Additives in the Water Used for Sitz Bath -- Food Contents and Diet -- Ano-Rectal Emergencies -- Anorectal Abscess -- Approach -- Pilonidal Abscess -- Approach -- Thrombosed External Hemorrhoid -- Approach -- Acute Hemorrhoidal Disease -- Approach -- Fecal Impaction -- Approach -- Rectal Injuries -- Irreducible Rectal Prolapse -- Approach -- Ano-Rectal Foreign Bodies -- Approach -- Acute Anal Fissure -- Approach -- Functional Ano-Rectal Disorders -- Levator Ani Syndrome -- Clinical Evaluation -- Pathophysiology -- Treatment -- Proctalgia Fugax -- Clinical Evaluation -- Pathophysiology and Psychological Factors -- Treatment -- Pudendal Nerve Entrapment -- Vulvodynia -- Coccygodynia -- Piriformis Syndrome -- Obturator Internis Syndrome -- Perineal Nerve Syndrome -- Sacral Nerve Irritation -- Hereditary Sphincter Myopathy -- Essential Proctalgia -- Biofeedback -- Day Surgery in Proctology -- Inclusion Criteria forOutpatient Proctology Surgery -- Postoperative Care -- Radiowave and its Uses inAno-Rectal Surgery -- The Radiowave Unit -- Surgical Techniques in Ano-Rectal Lesions -- Hypertrophied Anal Papilla.

Perianal Warts and Condylomata -- Rectal Polyp -- Fibrous anal Polyps -- Perianal and Para Sacral Sinuses -- Perianal Papillomas -- External Hemorrhoids -- Sentinel Piles in Fissure in Ano -- Perianal Antibiomas -- Biopsies -- Fistula in Ano -- Hemorrhoids -- Rectal Prolapse -- Post-Operative Care -- Complications -- Precautions to be Taken while Operatingwith the Radiowave Unit -- Frequently Asked Questionsabout Ano-Rectal Problem -- Index.