TRANSFORMATION OF U.S. ANIMAL AGRICULTURE -- TRANSFORMATION OF U.S. ANIMAL AGRICULTURE -- AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ANIMAL WASTE AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES: CURRENT LAWS AND LEGISLATIVE ISSUES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- CERCLA AND EPCRA -- ENFORCEMENT AGAINST AFOS -- Reporting Exemption -- CONGRESSIONAL INTEREST -- POLICY ISSUES -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ANIMAL AGRICULTURE: STATUS AND CURRENT ISSUES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES -- Embryo Transfer -- Transgenics -- In Vitro Fertilization -- Sexing Embryos -- Cloning -- Gene Knockout -- REGULATION AND OVERSIGHT -- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -- FDA Guidance on GE Animals -- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) -- Other Authorities -- CLONING POLICY DEVELOPMENTS -- FDA Risk Assessment -- European Views -- Other Views -- OTHER POLICY CONCERNS -- Environmental Issues -- Food Safety -- Consumer and Social Acceptance -- Labeling -- Animal Welfare -- Genetic Diversity -- Trade Issues -- CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITY -- End Notes -- THE CHANGING ECONOMICS OF U.S. HOG PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- SUMMARY -- What Is the Issue? -- What Did the Study Find? -- How Was the Study Conducted? -- INTRODUCTION -- Data -- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION -- Changes in the Scale and Approach to Hog Production -- Changes in the Organization of Hog Production -- Regional Shifts in Hog Production -- Technological Innovation in Hog Production -- IMPROVEMENTS IN HOG FARM PRODUCTIVITY: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES -- Sources of Productivity Growth -- Disaggregating Productivity Growth -- Implications for Scale of Production -- Regional Differences in Productivity Growth -- Organizational Structure and Productivity -- Implications of Productivity Gains for Consumers -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX.

Decomposition of total factor productivity -- End Notes -- PROFITS, COSTS, AND THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF DAIRY FARMING -- ABSTRACT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- SUMMARY -- What Is the Issue? -- What Did the Study Find? -- How Was the Study Conducted? -- INTRODUCTION -- CHANGES IN THE SIZE AND LOCATION OF U.S. DAIRY FARMS -- SCALE ECONOMIES AND STRUCTURE IN DAIRY FARMING: BACKGROUND -- Explicit and Implicit Costs in Dairy Production -- Measuring Dairy Costs with ARMS -- WHAT CAN ARMS TELL US ABOUT SCALE ECONOMIES IN DAIRY FARMING? -- Cost-of-Production Accounting -- Net Returns -- Looking to the Future: Expected Structural Changes -- Behind Net Returns: Revenues and Farm Size -- Behind Net Returns: Estimates of Unpaid Labor Expenses -- How Does Structural Change Affect Industrywide Costs? -- WHAT DO ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES TELL US? -- HERD SIZE AND PRODUCTION COSTS: SCALE ECONOMIES OR INEFFICIENCY? -- USING INVESTMENT DATA TO SUPPLEMENT COST ESTIMATES -- EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE: MANURE AND EXCESS NUTRIENTS -- Geographic Consolidation of U.S. Dairy Production -- FARM SIZE AND THE POTENTIAL FOR EXCESS NUTRIENTS -- Regulations -- Manure Management Strategies and Structural Change -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX: DATA SOURCES -- Dairy Farm Numbers, Size and Location -- Data for Cost Analyses -- Excess nutrients and manure management decisions -- End Notes -- THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF U.S. BROILER PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- SUMMARY -- What Is the Issue? -- What Did the Study Find? -- How Was the Study Conducted? -- INTRODUCTION -- Challenges Facing the Industry -- Conducting a Broiler Version of the ARMS -- HOW PRODUCTION IS ORGANIZED -- Housing -- Entry and Experience in Broiler Production -- How Large Are Broiler Operations? -- PRODUCTION CONTRACTS -- Contracts and Competing Integrators -- Fees Paid in Production Contracts.

Expenses on Broiler Operations -- LITTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -- FARM OPERATORS AND THEIR HOUSEHOLDS -- FARM BUSINESS FINANCES -- Organizing the Information -- Net Farm Income -- Tracking How Net Income Flows to Operator Households -- FARM HOUSEHOLD INCOME -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- End Notes -- THE TRANSFORMATION OF U.S. LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE: SCALE, EFFICIENCY AND RISKS -- ABSTRACT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- SUMMARY -- What Is the Issue? -- What Did the Study Find? -- How Was the Study Conducted? -- INTRODUCTION -- Elements of Structural Change -- Causes and Effects of the Transformation -- Terminology: CAFOs and Large Livestock Operations -- Data to Analyze the Transformation -- HOW HAS THE STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL AGRICULTURE CHANGED? -- Farm Size -- Broilers -- Hogs -- Dairy -- Beef -- DRIVERS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE: TECHNOLOGY AND SCALE ECONOMIES -- Dairy -- Hogs -- Broilers -- Beef Cattle -- OTHER DRIVERS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE -- Com Plementarities among Stages -- Input Prices -- Many Small Operations Survive -- IMPACTS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE -- Productivity and Prices -- Processor Concentration -- Spot Markets and Marketing Information -- Environmental Impacts -- Regulation of Manure Practices -- Antibiotic Use and Health-Related Impacts -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- End Notes -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX.