MOTORCYCLE SAFETY AND CRASHES -- MOTORCYCLE SAFETY AND CRASHES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- AN ANALYSIS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMETUSE IN FATAL CRASHES -- 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- II. INTRODUCTION -- III. METHODOLOGY -- IV. RESULTS -- Motorcycle Rider and Passenger Vehicle Driver Fatalities, 1997 to 2006 -- Helmet Use -- Single-Vehicle and Two-Vehicle Motorcycle Crashes -- State Motorcycle Helmet Laws -- Motorcycle Engine Size -- Time of Day -- Weekday/Weekend -- Sex -- Injury Severity -- Age Group -- Number of Motorcyclists per Motorcycle -- Blood Alcohol Concentration -- V. LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS -- Age Group -- BAC Level -- Time of Day -- Engine Size -- Helmet Law -- VI. CONCLUSION -- VII. APPENDIX -- Logistic Regression Models and Description -- VIII. REFERENCES -- ACTION PLAN TO REDUCEMOTORCYCLE FATALITIES -- A GROWING SAFETY PROBLEM -- MOTORCYCLE FATALITY AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS -- MOTORCYCLE RIDER FATALITIES BY YEAR AND AGE GROUP -- MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTORCYCLE CRASHES -- EXTERNAL FACTORS -- IMPROVING EXPOSURE DATA -- IMPROVING MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PERFORMANCE -- VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT COUNTERMEASURE STRATEGIES -- BEHAVIORAL COUNTERMEASURE STRATEGIES -- INFRASTRUCTURE COUNTERMEASURE STRATEGIES -- COOPERATION WITH STATES -- COMMUNICATIONS -- BEHAVIORAL SAFETY RESEARCH -- VEHICLE SAFETY RESEARCH -- SUMMARY -- FATAL TWO-VEHICLE MOTORCYCLE CRASHES -- 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- 1.1. Purpose -- 1.2. Methodology -- 1.3. Findings -- 2. INTRODUCTION -- 3. ANALYTICAL APPROACH -- 3.1. Trends -- 3.1.1. Fatal Motorcycle Crashes by Crash Type -- 3.1.2. Fatalities in Motorcycle Crashes by Crash Type -- 3.1.3. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities in Two-Vehicle Crashes by Vehicle Type -- 3.1.4. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities in Two-Vehicle Crashes by Passenger Vehicle Type -- 3.1.5. Fatalities in Crashes between a Motorcycle and a Passenger Vehicle by PersonType.

3.1.6. Fatalities in Crashes between a Motorcycle and a Passenger Vehicle When aMotor-cycle Operator Was Killed in the Crash, by Year and Person Type -- 3.2. Crash Characteristics -- 3.2.1. Day of the Week and Time of Day When the Crashes Occurred -- 3.2.2. Time of Day and Day of the Week When the Crashes Occurred -- 3.2.3. Month When the Crash Occurred -- 3.2.4. Type of Roadway and Relation to Junction Where the Crash Occurred -- 3.2.5. Land Use (Rural/Urban) Where the Crash Occurred -- 3.2.6. Vehicle Role When the Crash Occurred -- 3.2.7. Crash Avoidance Maneuver at the Time When the Crash Occurred -- 3.2.8. Age of the Motorcycle Operator and Driver of the Passenger Vehicle -- 3.2.9. Sex of the Motorcycle Operator and Driver of the Passenger Vehicle -- 3.2.10. Licensing of the Motorcycle Operator and Driver of the Passenger Vehicle -- For Passenger Vehicle Driver -- For Motorcycle Operator -- 3.2.11. Alcohol Level of Motorcycle Operator and Driver of the Passenger Vehicle -- 3.2.12. Speeding as a Factor in the Crash -- 3.2.13. Manner of Collision and Vehicle Role of the Motorcycle and Passenger Vehicle -- 3.2.14. Previous Driving Records for the Motorcycle Operator and Passenger VehicleDriver -- 3.2.15. Violations Charged in the Crash -- 3.2.16. Driver-Related Factors -- 4. FINDINGS -- REFERENCES -- LOWER-EXTREMITY INJURIES INMOTORCYCLE CRASHES -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- RESULTS -- Trends in Motorcycle Registration and Motorcyclists Involved in TrafficCrashes -- Crash Characteristics of Motorcyclists with Fatal or Incapacitating Injuries -- Impact of Lower-Extremity Injuries in Trauma Center Patients -- Injury Severity and Distribution in Trauma Center Patients by Body Region -- Level of Lower-Extremity Injuries in Trauma Center Patients -- Type of Lower-Extremity Injuries Sustained at Different Levels -- Foot Injuries.

Ankle Injuries -- Leg Injuries -- Knee Injuries -- Thigh Injuries -- Hip Injuries -- Pelvic Injuries -- Discharge Disposition and Hospital Charges -- Discharge Disposition -- Hospital Charges -- Payors for Motorcycle Injury Hospitalization -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- MOTORCYCLE SAFETY: RECENT TRENDS,CONGRESSIONAL ACTION, ANDSELECTED POLICY OPTIONS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- MOTORCYCLE FATALITIES ARE AN INCREASINGLY SIGNIFICANTPROPORTION OF ALL MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES -- CHARACTERISTICS OF FATAL MOTORCYCLE CRASHES9 -- RECENT CONGRESSIONAL ACTION ON MOTORCYCLE SAFETY -- DOT Motorcycle Crash Causation Study -- Motorcycle Safety Grant Program -- Motorcyclist Advisory Council -- DOT MOTORCYCLE SAFETY ACTION PLAN -- ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF MOTORCYCLESAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS -- National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety (NAMS) -- NTSB Recommendations -- SELECTED OPTIONS FOR IMPROVING MOTORCYCLE SAFETY -- Universal Helmet Law -- Motorcycle Helmets Save Lives and Reduce Brain Injuries -- Motorcycle Helmets Save Money -- Rates of Motorcycle Helmet Use -- History of Federal Motorcycle Helmet use Legislation -- Opponents and Proponents of Universal Helmet Laws -- Motorcyclist Training Courses -- AUTHOR CONTACT INFORMATION -- End Notes -- RECENT TRENDS IN FATAL MOTORCYCLECRASHES: AN UPDATE -- 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- 1.1. Purpose -- 1.2. Findings -- 2. INTRODUCTION -- 3. ANALYTICAL APPROACH AND DATA SOURCES -- 3.1. Analytical Approach -- 3.2. Data Sources -- 4. DATA ANALYSIS -- 4.1. Summary Data -- 4.1.1. Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Data -- 4.1.2. Motorcycle Industry Council (MIC) Data -- 4.1.3. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Data -- 4.1.4. U.S. Census Bureau Data -- 4.2. Trends -- 4.2.1. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Person Type -- 4.2.2. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Person Type -- 4.2.3. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Age Groups (Percent).

4.2.4. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Engine Displacement in Cubic Centimeters (cc) -- 4.2.5. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities in 1,001-1,500 cc Engine Size by Year and AgeGroup -- 4.2.6. Mean Age of Motorcycle Riders Killed and Mean Engine Displacement in FatalCrashes -- 4.2.7. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Day of Week -- 4.2.8. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Land Use -- 4.2.9. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Crash Type -- 4.2.10. Fatally Injured Motorcycle Riders by Helmet Use -- 4.2.11. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Roadway Type -- 4.2.12. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Speeding -- 4.2.13. Motorcycle Operator Fatalities by Driver Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) -- 4.2.14. Motorcycle Operator Fatalities by License Status and License Compliance -- 4.2.15. Motorcycle Rider Fatality Rate by Registered Motorcycles and VMT -- 4.2.16. Motorcycle Rider Fatality Rate per 100,000 U.S. Resident Population -- 4.3. Common Crash Characteristics -- 4.3.1. Motorcycle Operator Fatalities by Age Group and Alcohol Involvement -- 4.3.2. Motorcycle Operator Fatalities by Engine Size cc and Alcohol Involvement -- 4.3.3. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Age Group and Day of Week -- 4.3.4. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Engine Size cc and Day of Week -- 4.3.5. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Age Group and Roadway Function Class -- 4.3.6. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Engine Size cc and Roadway Function Class -- 4.3.7. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Age Group and Crash Type -- 4.3.8. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Engine Size cc and Crash Type -- 4.3.9. Fatally Injured Motorcycle Riders by Age Group and Helmet Use -- 4.3.10. Fatally Injured Motorcycle Riders by Engine Size cc and Helmet Use -- 4.3.11. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Age Group and Speeding -- 4.3.12. Motorcycle Rider Fatalities by Engine Size cc and Speeding.

4.3.13. Motorcycle Operator Fatalities by Age Group and License Status -- 4.3.14. Motorcycle Operator Fatalities by Engine Size cc and License Status -- 5. FINDINGS -- 5.1. Exposure -- 5.2. Trends -- 5.3. Common Crash Characteristics -- 5.3.1. Age Group -- 5.3.2. Engine Size -- 6. APPENDIX A: ADDITIONAL DATA -- 7. APPENDIX B: DATA SOURCES -- 7.1. Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) -- 7.2. Motorcycle Industry Council (MIC) -- 7.3. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) -- 7.4. U.S. Census Bureau -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX.