MARITIME TANKERS: TERRORISTTHREATS, CONSEQUENCESAND PROTECTIVE MEASURES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ABBREVIATIONS -- RESULTS IN BRIEF* -- BACKGROUND -- MANY STAKEHOLDERS ARE INVOLVEDIN SECURING THE MARITIME ENERGYSUPPLY CHAIN -- TANKERS TRANSPORT ENERGY COMMODITIESAROUND THE WORLD -- ENERGY COMMODITIES ORIGINATEIN A VARIETY OF LOCATIONS -- KEY DOMESTIC PORTS HANDLEVAST MAJORITY OF ENERGY IMPORTS -- ADDRESSING TANKER SECURITY VULNERABILITIESINVOLVES SETTING RISKS IN THE CONTEXTOF OTHER SECURITY AND NONSECURITY PRIORITIES -- ENERGY COMMODITY SHIPMENTS FACEVARIED THREATS, AND A SUCCESSFUL ATTACKCOULD HAVE SUBSTANTIAL CONSEQUENCES -- NO CREDIBLE SPECIFIC THREAT OF ATTACKAT U.S. PORTS TO DATE, BUT EVENTS OVERSEASINDICATE REASONS FOR CONCERN -- Officials Are Concerned about Three Primary Types of Threats -- Suicide Attacks -- Standoff Attacks -- Armed Assaults -- Other Types of Threats Are Considered Less Likely -- Intelligence Reviews Indicate Threats Are Likely to Persist -- POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF AN ATTACKINCLUDE PUBLIC SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL,AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS -- PUBLIC SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTALCONSEQUENCES VARY BY COMMODITY -- BLOCKAGE OF KEY TRANSIT ROUTES, KEY FACILITIES,OR PORTS COULD COST BILLIONS -- ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES FROM THE PSYCHOLOGICALMARKET REACTION TO AN ATTACK COULD BE SEVERE -- ALTHOUGH STAKEHOLDERS ARE TAKINGPROTECTIVE MEASURES, IMPLEMENTATIONCHALLENGES POSE DIFFICULTY BOTHABROAD AND AT HOME -- IN SPITE OF THE WIDESPREAD ADOPTION OF THE ISPSCODE, THE PRIMARY CHALLENGE OVERSEASINVOLVES OVERCOMING DISPARITIES IN SECURITYAT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS -- U.S.MILITARY PRESENCE OVERSEAS AIMED ATHELPING DETER MARITIME TERRORIST ATTACKS -- STATE DEPARTMENT OFFICIALS REVIEW CREWMEMBER VISA APPLICATIONS OVERSEASTO PREVENT ENTRY OF TERRORISTS -- WHILE VESSELS ARE IN TRANSIT,THE PRIMARY CHALLENGE INVOLVESPATROLLING THE VAST DISTANCES INVOLVED.

IN U.S.WATERWAYS AND PORTS, THE PRIMARYCHALLENGE INVOLVES COPING WITH LIMITEDRESOURCES AND A GROWING SECURITY WORKLOAD -- Security Requirements Vary by Commodity -- State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies Play aMajor Role in the Protection of Tankers and Facilities -- The Coast Guard Faces Challenges MeetingInternal Security Guidance -- The Coast Guard's Near-Term Efforts to AlignRequirements with Field Unit Capacity Have Limitations -- ADDITIONAL LNG FACILITIES SET TO COME ON LINEWILL LIKELY POSE ADDITIONAL CHALLENGESFOR MEETING MISSION REQUIREMENTS -- STAKEHOLDERS HAVE DEVELOPED SPILLAND TERRORISM RESPONSE PLANSBUT FACE SEVERAL CHALLENGESIN INTEGRATING THEM -- PLANNING FOR SPILL RESPONSE IS LARGELY SEPARATEFROM PLANNING FOR TERRORISM RESPONSE -- FEDERAL AGENCIES AND LOCAL PORTS COULD FACECHALLENGES IN INTEGRATING SPILL AND TERRORISMRESPONSE PLANS, PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC RESPONSE,AND OBTAINING NEEDED RESOURCES -- Federal Agencies and Ports Could Face Challenges inIntegrating Spill and Terrorism Response Plans -- PORT PLANS TO MITIGATE ECONOMICCONSEQUENCES COULD BE USEFUL -- PORTS COULD FACE CHALLENGES IN SECURINGRESOURCES TO CARRY OUT THEIR RESPONSE PLANS -- Marine Firefighting Equipment and Training -- OTHER TRAINING -- Interoperable Communications -- DHS GRANTS MAY BECOME MORE ACCESSIBLEFOR RESPONSE AND RECOVERY PROJECTS, BUT FUNDINGDECISIONS REQUIRE BETTER APPLICATIONOF PERFORMANCE MEASURES -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONSFOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS -- APPENDIX I: OBJECTIVE, SCOPE,AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX II: SELECTED ENERGYCOMMODITIES TRANSPORTED BY TANKERINTO UNITED STATES -- CRUDE OIL -- GASOLINE -- JET FUEL -- LNG -- LPG -- APPENDIX III: RECENT HIGH-PROFILETERRORISM INCIDENTS AGAINST TANKERSAND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE -- APPENDIX IV:ASSESSING AND MANAGING RISKSUSING A RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACH -- REFERENCES -- APENDIX I.

APPENDIX IV.