BISPHENOL A AND PHTHALATES USES, HEALTH EFFECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS -- BISPHENOL A AND PHTHALATES USES, HEALTH EFFECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 REVIEW ON ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF REGULATED PHTHALATES CONSIDERING AS PRIORITY SUBSTANCES BY EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN REGULATIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- I. PROPERTIES, REGULATION AND SUBSTITUTE CHEMICALS FOR PHTHALATES -- I.1. Properties - Phthalates - Bisphenol A -- I.2. Regulation -- I.3. Phthalate Substitutes -- Alkyl citrate -- Adipates -- Cyclohexane di carboxylate -- Trimellitates -- Isosorbide diesters -- II. OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL METHODS -- II.1. Sample Preparation -- II.1.1. Aqueous Sample -- II.1.2. Solid sample -- II.1.3. Air sample -- II.2. Analytical Procedure -- II.3. Laboratory Contamination and Blank Problem -- III. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE - DEGRADATION - LEVELS ALL AROUND THE WORD -TOXICITY -- III.1. Environmental Fate -- III.1.1. In water -- III.1.2. In soil -- III.1.3. In air -- III.2. Degradation Pathway -- III.3. Levels All around the Word -- III.3.1. In water -- III.3.2. In solid parts -- III.3.3. In air -- III.4. Toxicity -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR PHTHALATES DETERMINATION IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES: A REVIEW -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SAMPLE PREPARATION -- 2.1. Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) -- 2.2. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) -- 2.3. Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) -- 2.4. Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction -- 2.5. Solid/Liquid Extraction -- 3. SEPARATION TECHNIQUES -- 3.1. Gas Chromatography -- 3.2. Liquid Chromatography -- 3.3. Capillary Electrophoresis -- 4. CONTAMINATION PROBLEMS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHTHALATED HEMICELLULOSES AND CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1. Material and Reagents -- 2.2. Isolation and Characterization of Hemicelluloses and Cellulose -- 2.3. Phthaloylation of Hemicelluloses in DMF/LiCl -- 2.4. Preparation of Phthalated Cellulose in Ionic Liquids -- 2.5. Determination of Degree of Substitution -- 2.6. Characterization of the Phthalated Derivatives -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Modification and the Degree of Substitution -- 3.2. FT-IR Spectra -- 3.3. CP/MAS 13C-NMR Spectra -- 3.4. Thermal Analysis -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 BISPHENOL A: USES, HEALTH EFFECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS -- 1. INTRODUCTION TO BISPHENOL-A -- 2. QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF BISPHENOL-A-BASED MATERIALS -- 3. PROPERTIES OF BPA -- 3.1. Structure and Properties -- 4. DERIVATIVES OF BISPHENOL-A -- 5. COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND USE OF BISPHENOL A -- 5.1. Preparation of Polycarbonate, Epoxy Resins and Others -- 5.2. Applications of Bisphenol-A -- 5.2.1 BPA in food packaging -- 5.2.2. Pharmaceutical -- 6. CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE -- 7. HEALTH HAZARDOUS IN MIGRATION INTO HUMAN BODY -- 7.1. Minimum Contamination Levels -- 7.2. Leaching of BPA from Products -- 8. EFFECT ON HUMANS -- 9. FUTURE HEALTH NORMS AND REGULATIONS -- 9.1. BPA Market Growth Slows -- 9.2. Alternative to BPA -- 9.3. BPA Free Plastics -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 VISCOSITY REDUCTION OF POLYCARBONATES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EFFECTS OF BLEND & FILLER ON MELT VISCOSITY OF POLYCARBONATE -- 3. LIQUID CRYSTAL BLEND OF POLYCARBONATE -- 4. TRANSESTERIFICATION AND POLYCARBONATE RHEOLOGY -- 5. LOW MOLAR MASS LIQUID CRYSTAL BLEND OF POLYCARBONATE -- Phase Behavior of the Blends of LLC and PC -- Steady Shear Viscosity Experiments -- Dynamic Viscosity Experiments -- Results from Nuclear Reaction Analysis(Motong, Clarke et al. 2007) -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 PHTHALATES: IDENTIFICATION, PROPERTIES AND HEALTH EFFECTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. IDENTIFICATION OF PHTHALATES -- 2.1. Origin of Phthalates -- 2.2. Structural Identification of Phthalates -- 2.3. Quantitative Determination of Phthalates -- 3. PROPERTIES OF PHTHALATES -- 3.1. Physicochemical Properties of Phthalates -- 3.2. Biological Properties of Phthalates -- 3.2.1. Immune function -- 3.2.2. Effects on enzymatic system -- 3.2.3. Effect on circulatory system -- 3.2.4. Effect on endocrine system -- 3.2.5. Effect on oxidation system -- 3.2.6. Cytotoxic effect -- 3.2.7. Antiviral effect -- 4. HEALTH EFFECTS OF PHTHALATES -- 4.1. Effect on Reproductive System -- 4.2. Acute Toxicity -- 4.3. Endocrine Activity -- 4.4. Repeated Dose/Chronic Toxicity -- 4.4.1. Noncancer effects -- 4.4.2. Carcinogenicity -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 BISPHENOL A BASED POLYBENZOXAZINE AND ITS TAILORED SYSTEMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. H-BONDING IN POLYBENZOXAZINE -- 3. CURE KINETICS -- 4. BENZOXAZINES CONTAINING ADDITION CURABLE MOIETIES -- 4. BLENDS, COPOLYMERS AND ALLOYS -- 5. HYDROPHOBIC POLYBENZOXAZINES- PROMISING FUTURE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 DEHP-INDUCED REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY AND PPARα -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PPARS -- Organ Distribution of PPARs -- PPARα Agonists -- PPARs in the Reproductive Cycle -- DEHP-Induced Reproductive Toxicity -- In males -- In females -- DEHP-Induced Developmental Toxicity -- DEHP-Induced Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity and PPAR -- Effect of DEHP on Humans -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 PITFALLS IN THE ANALYSIS OF BISPHENOL A: SOURCES AND SOLUTIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SAMPLE TREATMENT -- 3. CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 4. QUANTITATION -- 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 POLYMERIC PARTICLES FOR THE REMOVAL OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS -- METHODS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.