SLEEP DISORDERS IN NEUROLOGY -- SLEEP DISORDERS IN NEUROLOGY -- Contents -- Preface -- Neurological Insomnias -- Primary Insomnia and Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) -- Introduction -- Primary Insomnia -- Diagnosis and Treatment of Insomnia -- Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) and Agrypnia Excitata -- Conclusion -- References -- EDS in Neurology -- Narcolepsy -- Hypersomnias of Central Origin -- Narcolepsy with Cataplexy -- Narcolepsy without Cataplexy -- Narcolepsy Due to Organic Disease -- References -- Idiopathic Hypersomnia -- Introduction -- Historical Background -- Demographics -- Clinical Features -- Diagnostic Criteria -- Natural History -- Differential Diagnosis -- Frontiers -- Predisposing Factors -- Pathophysiology -- Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- Kleine-Levin and other Recurrent Cyclic Hypersomnias -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Predisposing Factors -- Precipitating Factors -- Familial Patterns -- Genetics -- Clinical Features -- Hypersomnia -- Eating Behavior Disorders -- Hypersexuality -- Odd behaviors -- Cognitive Impairment -- Altered Perceptions -- Psychological Changes -- Physical Signs -- Disease Course and Complications -- Physical Examination -- Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis -- Hormonal Tests -- Polysomnographic and Electroencephalographic Findings -- Neuropathological Studies -- Brain Imaging -- Neuropsychological Studies -- Pathophysiology -- Differential Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Secondary Kleine-Levin Syndrome -- Atypical Kleine-Levin Syndrome -- Menstrual-Related Hypersomnia -- Diagnostic Criteria of Recurrent Hypersomnia -- References -- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Neurological Disorders -- Introduction -- Epilepsy -- Dementia -- Movement Disorders -- Neuromuscular Diseases -- Migraine -- Multiple Sclerosis -- Cerebrovascular Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury -- Conclusion -- References -- Parasomnias.

Disorders of Arousal (DOA) -- History -- Clinical Picture and Natural History -- Confusional Arousals (CA) -- Sleep Walking (SW) -- Sleep Terrors (ST) -- Parasomnia Overlap Disorder (POD) -- References -- Sleep Paralysis and Hallucinations -- Definition and Diagnostic Criteria -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Risk Factors -- Comorbidities -- Differential Diagnosis -- Folklore -- Treatment -- References -- Nightmares -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Operational Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria for Nightmare Disorder -- 3. Issues in the Measurement of Nightmare Frequency -- 4. Nightmare Prevalence and Associations to Psychopathology -- 4.1. Prevalence in the General Population -- 4.2. Prevalence in Clinical Populations -- 4.3. Sleep Disorder-Related Nightmares -- 4.4. Drug-Induced Nightmares -- 4.3. The Importance of Nightmare Distress -- 5. What Dream Content Makes a Nightmare a Nightmare? -- 6. Treatment -- 6.1. Non-Pharmacological Treatments of Nightmares -- 6.2. Pharmacological Treatments of Nightmares -- Conclusion -- References -- Rapid Eye Movements Sleep Behavior Disorder -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- History -- Quantification of REM Sleep Atonia and EMG Phasic Activity -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical Features -- RBD and Neurodegenerative Diseases -- Idiopathic RBD (iRBD) -- Possible Markers of Neurodegeneration in Idiopathic RBD -- Other Clinical Characteristics of RBD -- Altered Dream Content -- Periodic Leg Movements during Sleep (PLMS) -- Percentage of SWS -- Association with Other Sleep Disorders -- Differential Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Conclusions -- References -- Sleep Related Movement Disorders -- Periodic Limb Movement Disorder -- Definition and Diagnostic Criteria -- Prevalence and Comorbidity -- Pathophysiology -- Genetics -- Polysomnographic and other Objective Findings -- Management of PLMD -- Conclusion -- References.

Restless Legs Syndrome -- Clinical Features -- Relationship of RLS to other Medical Disorders -- Iron Deficiency -- Hypertension, Heart Disease and Stroke -- Childhood Restless Legs Syndrome and Attenion Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder -- Gastrointestinal Disease -- Etiology and Pathophysiology -- Genetics -- Iron and Dopamine -- Endogenous Opioid System -- Immunity and Inflammation -- Treatment -- Other less Conventional forms of Treatment -- References -- Catathrenia (Sleep-Related Groaning) and Sleep Related Bruxism -- Catathrenia (Sleep Related Groaning) -- Epidemiology -- Family History and Comorbidities -- Genetics -- Clinical Aspects -- Physiopathology -- Differential Diagnosis -- Management -- Conclusions -- Sleep Bruxism -- Epidemiology and Comorbidities -- Genetics -- Clinical Aspects -- Neurophysiological Investigations -- Physiopathology -- Differential Diagnosis -- Management -- Conclusions -- References -- Rhythmic Movement Disorder -- History -- Clinical Picture and Natural History -- Polysomnographic Findings -- Diagnosis -- Pathology and Physiopathogenesis -- Treatment -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Sleep and Epilepsy -- Introduction -- Sleep and Interictal Epileptic Activity -- Sleep and Seizures -- Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy -- Comorbidities: Epilepsy and Sleep Disorders -- Parasomnias -- Periodic Leg Movements (PLMs) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) -- Obstructive Sleep Apnoea -- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness -- Therapeutic Approach and Pharmacological Implications -- Diagnostic Assessment -- References -- Headache and Sleep -- Introduction -- Headache as a Symptom Disturbing Sleep -- Headache as a Symptom of a Sleep Disturbance (Secondary Sleep-Related Headache) -- Headache as a Sleep-Related Phenomenon -- Co-Morbidity between the Headaches and Sleep Disorders -- Sleep and the Primary Headaches.

Hypnic Headache -- Other Hypnic Headaches -- Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship between the Primary Headaches and Sleep -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Sleep Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis and in Amyotrphic Lateral Sclerosis -- Sleep Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis -- Insomnia/Hypersomnia -- Sleep Related Movement Disorders -- Sleep Breathing Disorders -- Parasomnia -- Sleep Disorders in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- Insomnia -- Sleep Breathing Disorders -- References -- Disorders of Sleep in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonian Syndrome -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sleep Fragmentation and Insomnia -- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness -- Circadian Rhythm Disturbances -- REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder -- Restless Legs Syndrome and PD -- Snoring and Respiratory Disorders -- Pain, Anxiety and Depression -- Hallucinations, Confusion and Psychosis -- Conclusion -- References -- Dementia and Sleep -- Introduction -- Sleep Disorders in Different Types of Dementia -- Alzheimer Disease -- Vascular Cognitive Disorder -- Frontotemporal Lobe Degeneration -- Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson Disease Dementia -- Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Dementia -- Nonpharmacologic Treatments -- Light Therapy -- Physical Activity -- Behavioral and Multicomponent Interventions -- Pharmacologic Treatments -- Sedative-Hypnotic Agents -- Antidepressants -- Antihistamines -- Antipsychotics -- Melatonin and Melatonin Agonists -- Central Cholinergic Agents -- Sleep Disturbances in Caregivers of Persons with Dementia -- References -- OSAS in Neurology -- Introduction -- Epidemiology and Clinical Features -- OSAS as a Structural Disease -- Upper Airway Development -- Upper Airway Anatomy -- OSAS as a Neurological Disease -- Upper Airway Reflex -- Sensory Component -- Central Component -- Motor Component.

Neurological Disorders Associated with OSAS -- Stroke -- OSAS as a Risk Factor for Stroke -- Stroke as a Risk Factor for OSAS -- Pathophyisology -- Epilepsy -- Headaches -- OSAS as a Causative Factor -- OSAS as an Exacerbating Factor -- Neurodegenerative, Neuromuscular Disorders and others -- Alzheimer's Disease -- Parkinson Disease -- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- Myasthenia Gravis -- Poliomyelitis -- Peripheral Neuropathy -- Miscellaneous -- Genetic and Congenital Syndromes -- Therapeutic Considerations -- Conclusion -- References -- Central Sleep Apnea and Congenital Hypoventilation Syndromes -- Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes -- Pathophysiology -- Control of Breathing -- Central Apnea Related to Ventilatory Control Instability -- Central Apneas Related to Upper Airway Changes -- Central Apneas Related to Neurologic Disorders -- Epidemiology -- Clinical Findings -- Idiopathic Central Sleep Apnea -- Cheyne-Stokes Respiration -- Clinical Management -- Idiopathic Central Sleep Apnea -- Cheyne-Stokes Respiration -- Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome -- Pathophysiology -- Genetics -- Structural CNS Abnormalities -- Pattern of Respiratory Control Abnormality -- Epidemiology -- Clinical Findings -- Clinical Management -- References -- Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and Stroke -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) -- Stroke -- Historical Note -- Epidemiology -- Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) as an Independent Risk Factor for Cerebrovascular Diseases -- Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) after Stroke -- Clinical Features of SDB in Stroke -- Pathophysiology -- SDB as a Predisposing Risk Factor for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease -- Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Sleep Apnea and Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease -- Inflammatory Markers in OSA and in Ischemic Stroke -- C-Reactive Protein (CRP).

Proinflammatory Cytokines.