MODULAR ELECTRICITY STORAGE: BENEFITS AND COSTS -- MODULAR ELECTRICITY STORAGE: BENEFITS AND COSTS -- Contents -- Preface -- Electric Utility Transmission and Distribution Upgrade Deferral Benefits from Modular Electricity Storage* -- Notice -- Abstract -- Acknowledgment -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- Modular Electricity Storage for T&D Deferral, an Example -- Utility Revenue Requirement for T&D Equipment -- Capital Plant Carrying Charges -- Expenses -- Annual Revenue Requirement -- T&D Avoided Cost -- Single-Year Deferral Benefit -- Multi-Year Deferral Benefit -- MES Transportability -- T&D Upgrade Marginal Cost -- 2. T&D Deferral Financial Benefit -- Introduction -- Annual Deferral Benefit for MES -- Multi-Year Deferral Benefit for MES -- Diminishing Benefit for Multi-Year Deferrals -- MES Redeployment -- T&D Equipment Residual Value -- T&D Annual Cost Among U.S. Electric Utilities -- FERC Form 1 Data: Oak Ridge National Laboratories Report -- Rate Assistance Program Report -- Utility T&D Deferral Cost Variability -- The Range of T&D Deferral Benefits -- EPRI/PG&E Distributed Utility Penetration Study (DUPS) -- 3. Deployment Situations for T&D -- Deferral Applications Introduction -- Decision Criteria Summary -- High T&D Upgrade Cost -- High Peak-to-Average Demand Ratio -- Modest Projected Overload -- Slow Load Growth -- Uncertainty About Block Load Additions -- Uncertainty About T&D Construction Delays -- Distribution Budget Optimization -- Benefits Aggregation for Attractive Value Propositions -- 4. Storage Characteristics for T&D -- Deferral Introduction -- Required Characteristics -- Reliability -- Power Quality -- Wave Form -- High Power Factor -- Frequency Stability -- Harmonics -- Ramp Rate -- Charge Rate -- Other Notable Characteristics -- Roundtrip Efficiency.

Operation and Maintenance Needs and Cost -- Emergency or Short Duration Power Capability -- Lifetime Charge-Discharge Cycles -- Standby Losses -- Energy and Power Density -- Plant Footprint and Volume -- Modularity -- Transportability -- Easily Deployable ("Plug and Play") -- 5. Storage Sizing for T&D Deferral -- Storage Power Output Requirements -- Storage Discharge Duration Requirements -- Diesel Generation for Storage Backup -- 6. Generalizing the Range of the T&D -- Deferral Benefit -- 7. Complementary Uses and Benefits -- Introduction to Complementary Uses -- Complementary Uses: General Considerations -- Peak Demand Frequency -- Power Rating -- Stored Energy Limitation -- MES Reliability -- "Perfect" MES Capacity -- Incremental Benefit/Cost Considerations -- Myriad Institutional Challenges -- Reactive Power Capability -- Complementary Uses -- Electric Energy Time-shift -- Electric Supply Capacity -- Electric Supply Reserve Capacity -- Reduce Transmission Congestion -- Transmission Support and Stability -- Power Factor Correction -- Voltage Support -- On-Site Power Quality -- Electricity Service Reliability -- Retail Time-of-Use Energy Cost Reduction -- Renewables Generation Firming -- Renewable Energy Time-Shift -- Demand Management -- Seasonal Deployment for Locational Benefits -- Increased Flexibility -- Flexible Response to Uncertainty -- Evaluating Real Options -- Optimizing Risk-Adjusted Cost -- 8. Conclusions and Research Opportunities -- R&D Needs and Opportunities -- Standard Practice: Establish Criteria and Identify Next Steps -- Understanding Uncertainty and Risk -- Case Studies -- Enhanced Value Propositions: Best Prospect, -- PV Firming, and Grid Stability -- Terms Used in this Document -- References -- Appendix A. MES Transportability -- Example Details -- Appendix B. Storage for T&D Deferral - -- Two Case Studies.

Pacificorp Vanadium Redox Batteries -- Situation -- Solution -- Service -- Status -- AEP Sodium/Sulfur Battery Situation -- Solution -- Service -- Status -- Appendix B. References -- Appendix C. Reactance and Power Factor -- End Notes -- Benefit/Cost Framework for Evaluating Modular Energy Storage* -- Notice -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Conventions Used in this Report -- Executive Summary -- Purpose -- Scope -- Intended Audience -- Key Results and Conclusions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology Description -- Financial Assumptions -- Present Worth Factor -- 3. Value Propositions -- 4. Storage Technology -- Storage Options Evaluated -- Storage Cost and Performance -- 5. Results: Benefit - Cost Comparisons -- Value Proposition 1: Transportable MES for T&D -- Deferral and Power Quality -- Benefit -- Cost -- Benefit/Cost Results -- Value Proposition 2: Improving Power Quality/Reliability -- Benefit -- Benefit/Cost Results -- Value Proposition 3: T&D Deferral Plus Energy Price -- Arbitrage and Central Generation Capacity Credit -- T&D Deferral -- Energy Price Arbitrage -- Central Generation Capacity Credit -- Combined Benefits -- Benefit/Cost Results -- Value Proposition 4: Peak and Critical Peak Electricity Pricing -- Benefit -- Benefit/Cost Results -- 6. Conclusions and Recommendations -- Summary Results -- Conclusion -- R&D Needs and Opportunities -- Terms Used in this Document -- References -- Index.