NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY OFSPACE FLIGHT -- CONTENTS -- AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. SPACE PROGRAMS AND SPACE FOOD SYSTEMS -- A. MERCURY (1961 TO 1963), GEMINI (1965 TO 1966),AND APOLLO (1968 TO 1972) -- B. SKYLAB (1973 TO 1974) -- C. APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (JULY 15 TO JULY 24, 1975) -- D. SPACE SHUTTLE (1981 TO THE PRESENT) -- E. SHUTTLE-MIR PROGRAM (1995 TO 1998) -- F. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION(NOVEMBER 2000 TO THE PRESENT) -- III. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS -- IV. SOURCES OF NUTRITION DATA AND GAPS INNUTRITION KNOWLEDGE -- V. FOOD, ENERGY, AND MACRONUTRIENTS -- A. FOOD AND ENERGY -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- B. PROTEIN AND MUSCLE -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Muscle - Comparison of Space Flight and Bed Rest -- 4. Muscle Loss Countermeasures -- A. Mechanical -- B. Pharmacological -- C. Nutritional -- 5. Protein and Bone -- 6. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 7. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 8. Remaining Questions -- C. CARBOHYDRATE -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- D. DIETARY FIBER -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- E. FAT -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- F. FLUID -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research.

3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- G. SODIUM AND CHLORIDE -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- H. POTASSIUM -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- VI. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS -- A. VITAMIN A -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- B. VITAMIN D -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- C. VITAMIN E -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- D. VITAMIN K -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- VII. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS -- A. FOLATE -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- B. THIAMIN -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- C. NIACIN -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions.

5. Remaining Questions -- D. RIBOFLAVIN -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- E. VITAMIN C -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- F. VITAMIN B6 -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- G. VITAMIN B12 -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- H. BIOTIN -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- I. PANTOTHENIC ACID -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- VIII. MINERALS -- A. CALCIUM AND BONE -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Bone -- 4. Bone Loss Countermeasures -- A. Mechanical -- B. Pharmacological -- C. Nutritional -- 5. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 6. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 7. Remaining Questions -- B. PHOSPHORUS -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- C. MAGNESIUM -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions.

5. Remaining Questions -- D. IRON AND HEMATOLOGY -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- E. COPPER -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- F. MANGANESE -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- G. FLUORIDE -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks On Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- H. ZINC -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- I. SELENIUM -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- J. IODINE -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- K. CHROMIUM -- 1. Background -- 2. Findings from Space Flight and Ground-Based Research -- 3. Dietary Intake and Requirements -- 4. Risks on Exploration Missions -- 5. Remaining Questions -- L. OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS -- IX. NUTRITIONAL ISSUES FOREXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY -- REMAINING QUESTIONS -- X. ANTIOXIDANTS -- A. SOURCES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS -- 1. Hyperoxic Conditions -- 2. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species During Exercise -- 3. Radiation Exposure.

B. OXIDATIVE DAMAGE MARKERS DURINGSPACE FLIGHT AND IN GROUND ANALOGS -- XI. SUPPLEMENTS -- REMAINING QUESTIONS -- XII. NUTRIENT-DRUG INTERACTIONS -- A. DIETARY FACTORS -- B. NUTRIENT METABOLISM -- C. MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS -- D. ANTACIDS AND PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS -- E. REMAINING QUESTIONS -- XIII. LOOKING FORWARD -- XIV. CONCLUSION -- XV. REFERENCES -- XVI. AUTHORS -- XVII. EDITOR -- XVIII. LIST OF FIGURES -- XIX. LIST OF TABLES -- XX. ABBREVIATIONS -- INDEX.