GLYCEROL: PRODUCTION, STRUCTURE AND APPLICATIONS -- GLYCEROL: PRODUCTION, STRUCTURE AND APPLICATIONS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL TO HYDROGEN -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THERMODYNAMICS OF CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL TO HYDROGEN -- GLYCEROL CONVERSION REACTION PATHWAY -- STEAM REFORMING (SR) -- Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis -- Experimental Work -- SORPTION ENHANCED STEAM REFORMING (SESR) -- Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis -- Experimental Work -- Autothermal Reforming (ATR) -- Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis -- Experimental Work -- AQUEOUS PHASE REFORMING (APR) -- Experimental Work -- SUPERCRITICAL WATER GASIFICATION (SCWG) -- Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis -- Experimental Work -- THERMAL DECOMPOSITION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: VALORIZATION OF GLYCEROL IN PROPANEDIOLS PRODUCTION BY CATALYTIC PROCESSES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS -- 3. ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS -- 4. HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS -- 4.1. Glycerol to 1,2-Propanediol -- 4.1.1. Monometallic Catalysts -- 4.1.2. Metal Catalysts Modified by Brønsted Acids or Bases -- 4.1.3. Bimetallic Catalysts -- 4.1.4. Hydrogenolysis in Absence of Hydrogen -- 4.2. Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol -- 5. INSIGHT THE REACTION MECHANISM OF GLYCEROL HYDROGENOLYSIS -- 5.1. Critical Approach to the Hydrogenolysis Mechanism of Glycerol -- A. Basic and Surface Chemistry Concepts Relative to Alcohols and Polyols Reactions -- B. Thermodynamic Variations Involved in Glycerol Hydrogenolysis Reaction -- 5.2. The Hydrogenolysis Mechanism of Glycerol: General Consideration -- 5.2.1. The Mechanism to 1,2-Propanediol -- 5.2.2. The Mechanism to 1,3-Propanediol -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: AQUEOUS-PHASE REFORMING OF GLYCEROL FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION.

ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. AQUEOUS-PHASE REFORMING -- 2.1. Catalysts for Aqueous-Phase Reforming -- 2.2. Reaction Mechanism -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL -- 3.1. Synthesis of the Catalysts -- 3.1.1. Combustion Method -- 3.1.2. Coprecipitation Method -- 3.1.3. Wet Impregnation Method -- 3.1.4. Dry Impregnation Method -- 3.2. Characterization of Catalysts -- 3.3. Catalytic Tests -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- 4.1. Chemical Composition -- 4.2. Textural Analysis -- 4.3. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 4.4. Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis Spectroscopy (DRS) -- 4.5. Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR) -- 4.6. Catalytic Tests -- 4.6.1. Influence of Agitation Speed -- 4.6.2. Influence of the Catalyst Loading -- 4.6.3. Evaluation of the Catalysts with 1% Glycerol Solution -- 4.6.4. Evaluation of the Catalysts with 10% Glycerol Solution -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: THE PAUPER AND THE PRINCE: GLYCEROL IN A VIEW FROM BIOFUELS AND BIOREFINERIES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHEMICAL APPROACHES TO VALORIZE GLYCEROL -- 2.1. Dehydration and Oxyhydration Reactions -- 2.2. Selective Reduction Reactions -- 2.3. Selective Oxidation Reactions -- 2.4. Reforming Reactions -- 2.5. Miscelaneous Reactions: Chlorination, Etherification, Esterification,Nitration, and Polymerization -- 3. BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO VALORIZE GLYCEROL -- 3.1. The Meeting History between Glycerol and Microorganisms -- 3.2. Glycerol as Carbon and Energy Microbial Source. The FirstStep to Production -- 3.3. Relevant Products from Glycerol Bioconversion -- 3.3.1. Bioconversion of Glycerol to Dihydroxyacetone -- 3.3.2. Bioproduction of 1,3-Propanediol From Glycerol -- 3.3.3. Bioconversion of Glycerol to Commercially Valuable Organic Acids -- 3.3.4. Other Valuable Bioconversions of Glycerol -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.

Chapter 5: GLYCEROL AS A SUBSTRATE FOR BIOPROCESSES IN DIFFERENT O2 AVAILABILITY CONDITIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. AEROBIC VERSUS ANAEROBIC METABOLISM OF GLYCEROL -- 2. SYNTHESIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS FROM GLYCEROL -- a. Products of Aerobic Metabolism -- i. Biomass, Enzymes and Recombinant Proteins -- ii. Amino Acids -- iii. Antibiotics -- iv. Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- v. Other Products of Aerobic Metabolism -- b. Products of Anaerobic Metabolism -- i. 1,3-Propanediol -- ii. Succinate -- iii. Ethanol -- iv. Hydrogen -- 3. EFFECTS OF AERATION IN PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION -- 4. METABOLIC MANIPULATIONS TO ENHANCE SYNTHESIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS FROM GLYCEROL -- a. Mutations in Competing Pathways -- i. Mutations in Competing Pathways for the Synthesis of Ethanol from Glycerol in E. coli -- ii. Mutations in Competing Pathways for the Synthesis of Succinate From Glycerol in E. coli -- iii. Mutations in Competing Pathways for the Synthesis of PHB from Glycerol in E. coli -- b. Mutations in Redox Regulators -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6: HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM GLYCEROL VIA MEMBRANE REACTOR TECHNOLOGY -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION TO MEMBRANE REACTOR TECHNOLOGY -- 2. PD-BASED MEMBRANES -- 2.1. Membrane Classification -- 2.2. Short Overview on Supported and Self-Supported Pd-Membranes -- 3. MEMBRANE REACTORS -- 3.1. Palladium-Based Membrane Reactors -- 3.2. The Critical Issues of Palladium-Based MRs -- 4. A SHORT OVERVIEW ON HYDROGEN PRODUCTION THROUGH PALLADIUM-BASED MRS -- 5. GLYCEROL AS A BIO-FEEDSTOCK -- 5.1. Glycerol Steam Reforming Reaction to Produce Hydrogen -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: USE OF THE GLYCEROL FROM BIODIESEL TO PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Biodiesel Production -- 1.2. New Uses for Glycerol.

2. POLYGLYCEROL APPLIED IN THE MINING INDUSTRY -- Effect of Catalyst and its Concentration -- Variation in Concentration of H2SO4 -- Variation in the Concentration of H3PO4 -- Tests of Dust Suppression -- Variation in the Substrate -- 3. OIL ABSORBENT -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: DIFFUSION IN GLYCEROL-WATER BINARY AND GLYCEROL-WATER-SODIUM CHLORIDE TERNARY SOLUTIONS AND THE VIEWPOINT OF HYDROGEN BONDS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. METHODS -- 2.1. Simulation Details -- 2.2. Diffusion Coefficients -- 2.3. Hydrogen Bonds Definition -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- 3.1. Density Profiles -- 3.2. Water Self-Diffusion Coefficients -- 3.3. Glycerol Self-Diffusion Coefficients -- 3.4. Insights from Hydrogen Bonds -- (1) Water Molecules -- (2) Glycerol Molecules -- 3.5. Parameters Affecting Diffusion Coefficient Calculation -- Force Field -- Cutoff, Damping Coefficient and Periodic Boundary Conditions -- Curve Fitting Parameters -- Temperature Fluctuations -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL INTO BIO-FUEL ADDITIVES OVER HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ESTERIFICATION OF GLYCEROL WITH ACETIC ACID -- Zeolites -- Heteropolyacids -- Sulfonic Group -- Others Catalysts -- 3. ETHERIFICATION OF GLYCEROL -- 4. ACETALISATION OF GLYCEROL -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: IS GLYCEROL A SUSTAINABLEREACTION MEDIUM? -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE REACTION MEDIUM? -- 3. GLYCEROL PRODUCTION -- 4. GLYCEROL GREENNESS -- 5. GLYCEROL AS REACTION MEDIUM -- 6. GLYCEROL AND TRANSFER PHENOMENA -- 7. GLYCEROL AND REACTION WORK-UP -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11: RUTHENIUM-CATALYZED NITRILE HYDRATION REACTIONS USING GLYCEROL AS SOLVENT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION -- General Comments -- General Procedure for the Catalytic Hydration Reactions -- Catalyst Recycling -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12: CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL INTO PRODUCTS FOR TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- GLYCEROL PRODUCTION -- MAIN PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM THE GLYCEROL -- OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL -- REDUCTION OF GLYCEROL -- SELECTIVE DEHYDROXYLATION OF GLYCEROL -- DEHYDRATION OF GLYCEROL -- HALOGENATION OF GLYCEROL -- ETHERIFICATION OF GLYCEROL -- ESTERIFICATION OF GLYCEROL -- TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED IN BRAZIL -- OBTAININ GHYDROGEN FROM GLYCEROL -- GASIFICATION OF GLYCEROL -- PRODUCTION OF POLYMERS FROM GLYCEROL -- DUST SUPRESSOR -- HIDROFILIC ADSORBENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13: NATURAL ACTIVATION OF COMMERCIAL GLYCEROL -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 2.1. Photoactivation of Glycerol and Formation of Hydroperoxide -- 2.2. Polymer Structure and Molecular Weight -- 2.3. Spontaneous Polymerization of Acrylamide at Low Temperatures -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14: THE APPLICATIONS OF GLYCEROL IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE APPLICATIONS OF GLYCEROL IN VARIOUS FORMULATIONS -- Topical Formulations -- Oral Formulations -- Injectable Formulations -- Suppositories -- Protein Delivery Systems -- THE SAFETY ISSUES AND REGULATORY STATUS OF GLYCEROL -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.