CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- LIPIDS AND CELL FUNCTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1929: THE ESSENTIALITY OF THE FATTY ACIDS -- STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS -- Fatty Acids -- Nomenclature -- Synthesis of Fatty Acids -- Triglycerides and Fatty Acids Oxidation -- Glycerolipids -- Glycerophospholipids -- Sphingolipids -- Saccharolipids -- Sterols -- Prenol Lipids -- MODULATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING BY FATTY ACIDS -- LIPOTOXICITY -- THERAPEUTIC OF LIPIDS -- Neurological Disorders -- Alzheimer Disease -- Schizophrenia -- Depression -- Multiple Sclerosis -- Rheumatoid Arthritis -- Asthma -- Psoriasis -- Healing Wound or Scarring -- Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes -- LIPID ANALYSIS -- Sample Handling and Storage -- Extracting the Lipids from Samples -- Lipid Extract - Handling and Storage -- Lipid Analysis - Principles of Chromatography -- Thin-Layer Chromatography - TLC -- Column Chromatography -- Gas Chromatography - GC -- Relevance of Lipid Analysis -- REFERENCES -- IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATION BY TARGETED COMPLEXES BASED ON STREPTAVIDIN -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ON THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF SA -- ASSEMBLY OF SA-BASED TARGETING COMPLEXES -- AFFINITY REAGENT-MEDIATED TARGETING -- Use of Whole Antibodies as Targeting Devices -- Use of Antibody Fragments as Targeting Devices -- Targeting with Particulate Complexes Containing Antibodies -- LIGAND-MEDIATED TARGETING -- Soluble Ligand-Based Targeting Complexes -- Targeting with Particles Carrying Receptor Ligands -- Strategies Employing Particles and Molecular Targeting in Combination -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- ELECTROCHEMICAL AND OPTICAL BIOSENSORS BASED ON STREPT(AVIDIN)-BIOTIN AFFINITY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Biotin Derivatives -- 1.2. Strept(Avidin) Conjugates/Modifications -- 1.3. Biotin/ Strept(Avidin) Coated Surfaces -- 1.4. Biosensors.

2. STREPT(AVIDIN)/BIOTIN BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS -- 2.1. DNA Sensors -- 2.2. Immunosensors -- 3. STREPT(AVIDIN)/BIOTIN BASED OPTICAL BIOSENSORS -- 3.1. SPR and LSPR in Avidin-Biotin Detection -- 3.2. DNA Sensors -- 3.3. Immunosensors -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CARDIAC (PATHO)PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF THE CLASSICAL MU-, DELTA-, AND KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR SYSTEM -- I. INTRODUCTION -- A. Cardiac Opioid Peptides and Classical Opioid Receptor System -- B. Classical Opioid Receptor Signaling -- C. Cardiovascular Actions of the Opioidergic System -- II. ROLE OF THE CLASSICAL OPIOID RECEPTOR SYSTEM IN ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY AND CARDIOPROTECTION -- A. Opioid-Induced Cardioprotection -- B. Classical Opioid Receptor Signaling in Cardioprotection and Ischemia- Reperfusion Injury -- 1. Delta Opioid Receptor Signaling -- 2. Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling -- C. Opioids and Postconditioning -- D. Opioids and Second Window of Cardioprotection -- E. Chronic Opioid-Induced Cardioprotection -- III. OPIOID EFFECT ON ISCHEMIC ARRHYTHMOGENESIS -- IV. CLASSICAL OPIOID RECEPTORS IN CARDIAC FUNCTION AND HEART FAILURE PROGRESSION -- A. Opioid Receptors and Modulation of Cardiac Contractility -- B. Opioidergic System in Heart Failure Development and Progression -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS: A CLASS OF POTENT ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS -- 1. ABSTRACT -- 2. INTRODUCTION -- 3. ANGIOTENSION CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) INHIBITORS AND RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM -- 4. ANGIOTENSION CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) -- 5. AN OVERVIEW OF EARLY WORK ON ACE INHIBITORS -- 6. HYPOTHETICAL MODEL FOR ACE BINDING SITE -- Subsites S2 1 -- Subsites S1 1 -- Subsites S -- 7. THE DESIGN OF CAPTOPRIL -- 8. THE N-CARBOXYALKYL DIPEPTIDE DEVELOPMENT.

9. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP STUDIES ON VARIOUS CLASSES OF MOLECULES BY VARIATIONS AT THE DIFFERENT SITE OF ACE -- 9.1. Variations at the Cationic Site -- 9.2. Variations at the Site S2 1 -- (a) Replacement of Proline Part with Heterocyclic Acids -- (b) Glycine Analogs -- (c) Pyroglutamic Acid and 5-Thioxoproline Derived ACE Inhibitors -- (d) 4-Substituted Proline Analogs -- (e) Aromatic compounds -- (f) Pyrrolidine Analogs -- (g) Glycosides -- 9.3. Variations at the Site S1 1 of ACE -- (a) Variation of the Methyl Group at S 1 -- (b) The Role of Amide Carbonyl -- (c) Modifications in the Thiolchain of Captopril -- (d) Conformationally Restricted Inhibitors of ACE -- (i) Conformationally Restricted Analogs of Captopril -- (ii) Conformationally Restricted Analogs of Enalaprilat -- (e) Phosphorous- Based Inhibition Designs -- 9.4. Variations at the Site S And S of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme -- 9.5. Proton Donor Site -- 9.6. The Critical Nature of Zn++ Metal Ion -- CONCLUSION BASED ON STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP STUDIES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- PROTEIN SUPERFAMILIES BASED PHYLOGENOMIC ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEAL DOMAIN -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- Sequence Retrieval and Similarity Search -- Domain and Motif Similarity Search -- Phylogenetic Tree Building and Analysis -- RESULTS -- Sequence Similarity Analysis -- Recombination Frequency Analysis -- Phylogenetic Analysis -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- SUPPLEMENTARY -- REFERENCES -- APTAMERS: THE NEW BIORECOGNITION ELEMENT FOR PROTEOMIC BIOSENSING -- ABSTRACT -- 1. APTAMERS -- 2. TYPES OF APTAMERS -- 2.1. Spiegelmers -- 2.2. Beacons -- 2.3. Circular DNA Aptamers -- 2.4. Aptazymes -- 2.5. Chemical Modifications of DNA Chain -- 2.6. Peptides Aptamers -- 2.7. Anticalins -- 3. SELEX -- 4. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN APTAMER-TARGET.

5. APTAMERS VERSUS ANTIBODIES -- 6. APPLICATIONS -- 7. APTASENSORS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- EFFECT ON HEAVY OILS BY BACTERIA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Organism -- Collection of Samples -- Medium and Growth Conditions -- Culture Media -- Growth Characteristics -- Analysis of Metabolic Products -- Surface Tensions Assay -- Bacterial Influence on Crude Oil -- RESULTS -- Growth Characteristics -- Strain TM-1 -- Strain SP-5 -- Metabolism and Metabolic Products -- Strain TM-1 -- Strain SP-5 -- Surface Characters -- Effect of Strains on Crude Oils -- Strain TM-1 -- Strain SP-5 -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- EFFECT OF FOREST ENVIRONMENTS ON HUMAN URINARY ADRENALINE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EFFECT OF FOREST ENVIRONMENTS ON HUMAN URINARY ADRENALINE IN MALE SUBJECTS -- EFFECT OF A DAY TRIP TO A FOREST PARK ON HUMAN URINARY ADRENALINE IN MALE SUBJECTS -- EFFECT OF FOREST ENVIRONMENTS ON URINARY ADRENALINE IN FEMALE SUBJECTS -- MECHANISM OF FOREST ENVIRONMENT-INDUCED DECREASE IN URINARY ADRENALINE -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- MICROARRAY-BASED ASSAY FOR SCREENING KINASE INHIBITORS BY BIOTINYLATED GOLD NANOPARTICLE PROBES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. Reagents -- 2.2. Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles and Peptide-Stabilized Nanoparticles -- 2.3. Peptide Microarray Fabrication and Phosphorylation -- 2.4. Recognization of the PKA -Catalyzed Phosphorylation Events -- 2.5. Attachment of Gold Nanoparticles -- 2.6. Inhibition and IC50 Assays -- 2.7. ATP Competition Assay -- 2.8. Silver Enhancement and Detection -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Phosphorylation Assay -- 3.2. Inhibition Assay and IC50 Value Determination -- 3.3. ATP Competition Assay -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.