WATER ENGINEERING -- WATER ENGINEERING -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: METHODS AND APPROACHES OF GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. BASICS OF GROUNDWATER -- 1.1 Occurrence of groundwater -- 1.2 Presence of groundwater -- Shallow Aquifers -- Deep aquifers -- 1.3 Characteristics of different types of aquifers -- Physical properties of the aquifer -- Bedrock aquifer -- 1.4 Relevant terminologies -- Water-table -- Spring -- The Unsaturated Zone -- Saline water -- Aquitard -- Base-flow -- Contaminant -- Groundwater Basin -- Permeability -- Hydraulic Conductivity -- Overdraft -- Safe Yield -- Specific Yield -- Transmissivity -- 1.5 Groundwater storage and movement -- Confined or Artesian Aquifer -- Unconfined or Water-table Aquifer -- 1.6 Groundwater abstraction -- Wells: Cone of Depression -- Well Contribution Zone -- Induced Recharge -- 1.7 Groundwater recharge -- 1.8 Groundwater flow -- 1.9 Groundwater - Sea-water interface -- 2. INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER -- 2.1 Planning an investigation -- 2.1.1 Steps involved in a site investigation -- 2.2 Approaches of investigation -- 2.2.1 Mechanical approach -- 2.2.1.1 Features -- 2.2.1.2 Limitations -- 2.2.2.3 Sampling interval and representation -- 2.2.1.4 General guidelines and steps in borehole drilling and construction -- 2.2.1.5 Relevant activities -- 2.2.2 Geo-physical approach -- Principle of geophysical approach -- Implications -- Considerations in geophysical approach -- 2.2.2.1 Electrical method -- Principle of the method -- Theoretical aspects -- Different configurations of resistivity survey -- Electrode geometry -- Field survey procedure -- Discussion -- Interpretation of resistivity data/ Modeling of underground structure -- 2.2.2.2 Electromagnetic method -- Principle of the method -- Applicability.

Description of the methods -- General guidelines and field procedure for EM method -- 2.2.2.3 Seismic method -- 2.2.2.4 Magnetic geophysical method -- 2.2.2.5 Ground penetrating radar method -- 2.2.2.6 Borehole geophysical method -- 2.2.2.7 Gravity method -- 2.2.2.8 Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) method -- 2.2.2.9 Other electrical and electromagnetic methods -- 2.3 Estimation of groundwater potential -- 2.3.1 Qualitative identification -- 2.3.2 Quantitative estimation of groundwater -- 3. GROUND WATER QUALITY ASPECTS -- 3.1 Significance of quality study -- 3.2 Sampling of groundwater -- 3.3 Elements to be analyzed -- 3.4 Laboratory analysis and ionic balances -- 3.5 Issues on the factors affecting quality -- 3.6 Isotopic and Age Indicator Analyses -- Background -- Sampling -- Analytical methods -- Data interpretation -- 3.7 Discussion on quality issues -- 3.8 Guidelines on water quality for different uses -- 4. GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND WELL DESIGN -- 4.1 Assessing GW availability -- 4.1.1 Water Budget approach -- I-Input -- O-Output -- S - Storage -- 4.2 Groundwater yield -- 4.2.1 General perspectives -- 4.2.2 Relevant terminologies -- Specific Capacity -- Well Capacity or Yield -- Well Efficiency -- 4.2.3 Well yield in aquifer -- 4.2.3.1 Flow of water to well in unconfined Aquifer -- Theim equation -- 4.2.3.2 Flow of water to well in confined Aquifer -- Derivation of the equation -- 4.3 Construction and design of water supply wells -- 4.3.1 Importance of proper design and construction of well -- 4.3.2 Types of Well -- Bored wells -- Drilled wells -- 4.3.3 Well Construction -- 4.3.3.1 Principal activities in well construction -- 4.3.3.2 Drilling methods -- 4.3.3.3 Definition of relevant terminologies -- 4.3.4 Well design -- 4.3.4.1 Design elements and design considerations -- Well depth -- Casing size and material type -- Well screen.

Screen Material -- Filter material -- Casing materials -- 4.3.4.2 Design criteria and procedure -- 4.3.5 Well Completion -- Well casing and sealing -- 4.3.6 Well development -- 4.3.7 Disinfection of well -- 4.3.8 Economic considerations -- 4.4 Pumping test /well yield test and determination of aquifer parameters -- 4.4.1 Relevant terminologies -- Residual drawdown -- Specific capacity -- Well Efficiency -- 4.4.2 Perspectives of pumping test -- 4.4.3 General assumptions in pumping test -- 4.4.4 Constant rate test -- 4.4.5 Stepwise test -- 4.4.6 Analysis of pump test data -- Theis method -- Cooper-Jacob method -- 5. GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL AND WATER-TABLETRENDS - CASE STUDIES -- 5.1 Over-withdrawal of groundwater: Effects and areal extents around the globe -- 5.2 Groundwater withdrawal and watertable trend in Bangladesh -- 5.3 Groundwater withdrawal and trend in India -- 5.4 Groundwater withdrawal and trend in China -- 6. GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT -- 6.1 Major obstacles to groundwater management -- 6.2 Amelioration/Remedial measures for obstacles -- 6.2.1 Groundwater policies -- 6.2.2 Establishing a groundwater data and retrieval system -- 6.3 Management measures -- 6.3.1 Resource Inventory -- 6.3.2 Monitoring of groundwater dynamics and its trend -- 6.3.3 Management measures for reducing contamination -- 6.3.4 Enhancing groundwater reserve -- 6.3.4.1 Augmenting natural recharge -- 6.3.4.2 Artificial recharge -- 6.3.5 Other supply management -- 6.3.5.1 Searching for alternate water source -- 6.3.5.2 Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater -- 6.3.6 Maintaining sustainability in groundwater withdrawal -- 6.3.7 Modelling and use of model for impact study -- 6.3.8 Institutional initiatives -- 7. GROUNDWATER THREATS AND POLLUTION POTENTIALS -- 7.1 Groundwater threats -- 7.2 Sources of groundwater contamination/pollution -- Point source.

Non-point source/ diffuse source -- Nitrate -- Pesticides and herbicides -- Solvents, hydrocarbons, and fuel additives -- Naturally occurring substances -- Salinity -- Microbes -- Mining -- Landfills -- Road-salts -- Contaminated land -- Well Contamination -- Contaminants from other parts of hydrologic cycle -- Pollution potential in Fractured Limestone -- 7.3 Pathways for contaminant transport -- 7.4 Arsenic contamination - A major threat for groundwater -- 7.5 Over-exploitation -- Altered Groundwater Levels -- 7.6 Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater -- 7.7 Impacts of land-use change on groundwater -- 8. GROUNDWATER PROTECTION -- 8.1 Delineating protection zones -- 8.2 Measures for controlling quality degradation -- Source-water protection -- Groundwater Monitoring -- Laws and regulations -- Regulatory instruments -- Community involvement -- Lining and sealing method of groundwater protection -- Lining and sealing -- Some general guidelines/solution options for specific problems -- 8.3 Opportunities to improve groundwater -- 8.4 Challenges in groundwater protection and management -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING A COMBINATION OF CAVITATIONAL REACTORS AND FENTON PROCESSES: A REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Combination of Acoustic Cavitation and Fenton Chemistry -- Reactors designs for combination of Acoustic cavitation and Fenton chemistry -- Overview of literature and guidelines for optimum operating parameters -- COMBINATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATIONAND FENTON PROCESSES -- Reactor designs for hydrodynamic cavitation and Fenton chemistry -- Overview of work in the area of wastewater treatment using combinationof hydrodynamic cavitation and Fenton chemistry based processes -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: THE SLUG TESTS AS A TECHNICAL TOOLIN AQUIFERS CHARACTERIZATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. BACKGROUND.

2. FACTORS AFFECTING SLUG RESPONSE -- 3. TEST THEORY -- 3.1 Methodology of analysis from Hvorslev -- 3.2 Cooper, Bredehoeft and Papadopulos method -- 3.3 Bouwer-Rice method -- 3.4 Analysis method proposed by Gilg-Gavard -- 3.4.a Gilg-Gavardś method of constant water level -- 3.4.b Gilg-Gavardś method with variable water level -- 4. METHODOLOGY APPLIED IN FIELD TESTS -- 5. APPLICATION TO FIELD CASES -- 5.1 Using methodology of Hvorslev -- 5.2 Analysis by applying the Cooper, Bredehoeft and Papadopulos method -- 5.3 Analysis using methodology proposed by Bouwer and Rice -- 5.4 Methodology of analysis of Gilg and Gavard -- 6. TESTS RESULTS -- 7. DISCUSSION RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A -- Chapter 4: WATER CLUSTER ION BEAM PROCESSING -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. WATER CLUSTER FORMATION -- 3. CLUSTER SIZE ANALYSIS -- 3.1 TOF Method -- 3.2 Size Distribution -- 4. SURFACE PROCESSING WITH WATER CLUSTER ION BEAMS -- 4.1 Experimental Apparatus -- 4.2 Evaluation of Surface Characteristics -- 4.3 Irradiation Damage -- 4.4 Surface Sputtering -- (a) Physical/Chemical Sputtering -- (b) Patterning with High-Rate Sputtering -- 4.5 Surface Flatness -- 4.6 Surface Modification -- (a) Oxidation -- (b) Wettability -- 5. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: WATER ENGINEERING: A CHALLENGE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES-CASE COLOMBIA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION: SHORTAGE DESPITE ABUNDANCE -- Variability of the water resources in Colombia -- The hydrological cycle and preserving the ecosystems -- Accessibility of the water in Colombia -- Quality of the water in Colombia -- 2. RESPONSE OF THE COLOMBIAN GOVERNMENTTO WATER-ACCESS SITUATION -- Laws -- Decrees -- Resolutions -- 3. THE CONTEXT -- 4. PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGY FOR WATER ENGINEERING -- The OCDIO- PAR Model.

5. CASE STUDY : GUAYABAL DE SIQUIMA, COLUMBIA.