ARACHIDONIC ACID: DIETARY SOURCES AND GENERAL FUNCTIONS -- ARACHIDONIC ACID: DIETARY SOURCES AND GENERAL FUNCTIONS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I: Dietary Sources -- Chapter 1: Accumulation of Arachidonic Acid in a Green Microalga, Myrmecia Incisa H4301, Enhanced by Nitrogen Starvation and its Molecular Regulation Mechanisms -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Molecular and Ultrastructural Evidence for Taxonomy of M. incisa H4301 -- Effects of Nitrogen Starvation on Growth and FAs in M. incisa H4301 -- Characteristics of Related Genes for AA Biosynthesis in M. incisa H4301 -- Coordinated Gene Transcription for Arachidonic Acid Biosynthesis in M. Incisa H4301 to Adapt to Nitrogen Starvation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: Arachidonic Acid Food Sources and Recommendation for the Vegetarian -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Recommendations and Food Sources for the Vegetarian -- Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Part 2: General Functions -- Chapter 3: Effects of Dietary Arachidonic Acid on Cardiovascular Disease -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dietary Arachidonic Acid (AA -- 20:4 ω6) -- Dietary Arachidonic Acid in Vascular Function -- Dietary Arachidonic Acid and Cholesterol -- Dietary Arachidonic Acid and Blood Pressure -- Arachidonic Acid and Inflammation -- Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4: Influence of Arachidonic Acid on the Endocrine Response to Stress -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Generation of Arachidonic Acid in Corticotropes -- Actions of Arachidonic Acid on Pituitary Corticotropes -- The Target of AA is the TREK-1 Channels -- Action of Arachidonic Acid on Adrenal Cortical Cells -- Influence of TREK-1 Channels on the Stress Response -- Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations -- References.

Chapter 5: Control of Arachidonic Acid Levels by Ceramide 1-Phosphate and Its Impact in Cell Biology -- Abstract -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Biological Actions of Arachidonic Acid -- Phospholipase A2 -- Ceramide 1-phosphate and Ceramide Kinase -- Ceramide 1-phosphate and Arachidonic Acid in Inflammation -- Ceramide 1-phosphate Mediates Macrophage Migration -- Ceramide Kinase Inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Arachidonic Acid, Oxidative Stress and Cancer -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Arachidonic Acid and Cancer -- Oxidative Stress and Cancer -- Oxidative Stress and Arachidonic Acid -- Isoprostanes -- Isoprostanes and Cancer -- Lipid Aldehydes from Arachidonic Acid Peroxidation -- Chapter 7: Arachidonic Acid and Coronary Artery Disease -- Abstract -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Role of AA in Atherogenesis -- AA and CAD -- Use of Gas Chromatography to Measure AA Concentrations -- AA Concentration in Adipose Tissue and AMI -- Serum AA Concentration Levels and AMI -- Serum AA and Major Adverse Cardiac Events After AMI -- Serum AA Levels and MDA-modified LDL -- Serum AA Levels and Coronary Soft Plaque Volume -- Serum AA Levels and Plaque Composition -- Effects of AA Intake and Cardiovascular Events -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Arachidonic Acid, Metabolic Syndrome and Alternative Therapeutic Agents -- Abstract -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- AA and Its Metabolites: Effects on Cardiovascular Vessels -- AA and the MS -- MS Alternative Therapy -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Participation of Arachidonic Acid and Its Metabolites in Insulin Resistance -- Abstract -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Glucose Concentration -- Pancreas and Insulin -- Insulin Resistance -- Adipose Tissue (Intra-Abdominal Obesity) -- Plasma Levels of Nonesterified AA.

Cyclooxygenase Pathway -- Cytochrome P450 Pathway -- Lipoxygenase Pathway -- Desaturases -- Phospholipases A2 -- Saturated, Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Long-Term Supplemental Arachidonic Acid Preserves Hippocampal Cognitive Function -- Abstract -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Experimental Animals and Dietary Composition -- Cognitive Function in Rodents Estimated by the Morris Water Maze -- Electrophysiology in Hippocampus - Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) -- Background and Methodology of LTP -- Age-dependent Change in LTP -- Effects of PUFA Supplements on LTP -- Correlation between AA Composition in the Hippocampus and Cognitive Behavior and/or LTP -- Neuronal Membrane Fluidity in the Hippocampus -- Membrane Fluidity Exerts Many Biological Functions and is Disturbed by Lipid Oxidation -- Membrane Fluidity Analysis by Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) -- Effects of AA Supplementation on Membrane Fluidity -- Calcium Mobilization in the Hippocampus -- Calcium Homeostasis is the Key Index of Neuronal Function -- Intracellular Calcium Dynamics by Imaging Probe -- Calcium Elevation Induced by Whole Tissue-cell Depolarization -- Calcium Elevation by Selective Activation of NMDA Receptors -- Age-related Changes in Calcium Homeostasis -- PUFA Facilitates Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus -- AA Promotes Neurogenesis in the DG of SAMP-8 -- PUFA Receptors -- Brain Lipid Analysis -- AA Supplementation Effects on Human -- PUFA Effects on Cognitive Function in Healthy Elderly Men Evaluated by P300 -- PUFA Effects in Patients with Cognitive Dysfunction Evaluated by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Test -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References.

Chapter 11: Arachidonic Acid and Brain Development: Implications in the Offspring of Diabetic Pregnant Women -- Abstract -- List of Abbreviations -- I. Introduction -- II. Newborn Infants of All Types of Diabetic Mothers Often Have Compromised AA Status -- III. Brief Outline of the Brain ω6 and ω3 LC-PUFA Metabolism -- A. The Unique Fatty Acid Composition of the Brain -- B. The Brain AA Cascade: Maintaining the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of the Brain -- IV. Fetal Brain and Adipose Tissue AA Accretion -- A. Fetal Brain AA Accretion -- B. Fetal Adipose Tissue AA Accretion -- V. Maternal LC-PUFA Status during Pregnancy -- A. Dietary Origin and Synthesis of AA: Vegetarian vs. Diabetes -- B. Maternal Adipose Tissue AA -- C. Maternal AA Status Declines during Normal Pregnancy -- D. Altered Transfer of AA in Placentas of Diabetic Pregnancy -- E. Excess Synthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids from Glucose May Displacen Essential Fatty Acids -- F. Lower Endogenous Synthesis, Compromised Body Stores, and Inability to Increase the Conversion Rate during the 3rd Trimester -- VI. LC-PUFA of Milk from Women with Diabetes -- VII. Higher Prevalence of Neurobehavioral Deficits in Infants of Diabetic Mothers -- VIII. Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: Lower AA Only -- IX. Maternal AA Supplementation Improves Neurodevelopment in Offspring from Rat Dams with and without Diabetes -- A. Maternal AA Supplementation Improves Offspring Neurodevelopment -- B. Dietary AA Supplementation Is Feasible in Humans -- C. AA Dose-dependently Increases the AA Concentration in Human Milk -- X. Conclusion: Comments on the Recommended Dietary Intake of AA, Implication and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 12: Arachidonic Acid and Renal Function -- Abstract -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Renal Function.

Arachidonic Acid (AA) Metabolites, Renal Locations, and Functions -- AA Metabolites in Maintaining Renal Homeostasis -- AA Metabolites in Sodium and Water Excretion -- Interaction of Renin-angiotensin System with AA Prostaglandins -- Interaction of Renal Kallikrein-kinin with AA Prostaglandins -- Interaction of Vasopressin with AA Prostaglandins -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.