FLUORIDE: PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT -- FLUORIDE: PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- GROWTH OF SINGLE AND MIXED ALKALI EARTH FLUORIDE CRYSTALS WITH WIDE APPLICATION: CONTROL OF CRYSTALLIZATION ZONE CONTAMINATION AND STABILITY OF MELT-CRYSTAL INTERFACE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Single Alkali Earth Fluorides: CaF2 -- 1.2. Mixed Alkali Earth Systems -- 2. REVIEW OF GROWING TECHNIQUES -- 2.1. Artificial Fluorite -- 2.2. In-Batch Growth of CaF2-SrF2 Solid Solutions -- 3. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CRYSTAL GROWTH -- 3.1. Oxygen Contaminants -- 3.2. Impurities in Natural Fluorite -- 3.3. Melt Supercooling: Criterion for Interface Stability -- 3.4. Temperature Head and Melt Vaporization -- Vaporization Mechanisms -- 4. FUNDAMENTS OF PURIFICATION/GROWING TECHNIQUES -- 5. THERMODYNAMIC GROUNDS FOR RE PURIFICATION -- 6. RE PURIFICATION PROCESSES: MASS-TRANSPORT AND KINETICS -- 6.1. Differential Equations for Gas-Vapor Mass-Transport -- Quasi-Equilibrium: Content of Gas-Vapor Phase -- Assumptions for Analytical Solution -- 6.2. Solution in Case of Stationary Vapor Flux -- 6.3. Channels' Effective Gas-Conductivities: End Effects -- 6.4. Total Pressure Distribution along the Channels -- 6.5. Gas-Conductivity as a Function of Geometric Factor -- 6.6. Mass-Transport at Dominance of Knudsen Diffusion -- 6.7. Distribution of Inert Gaseous Species -- 6.8. Total Pressure in Specialized Crucible: Influence of the Vacuum System -- 6.9. Deposit in the Common Crucible Compartment -- 7. METHODOLOGY AND TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT -- 7.1. Purification/Growing Technique -- Optical Characterization of Grown Crystals -- Optical Criterion for the Degree of RE Purification -- 7.2. Localization of the Position for Growth Interface -- 8. CONTROL OF RE IMPURITIES VIA HIGH-T PURIFICATION TECHNIQUE.

8.1. Mass Transport in Conventional Multicameral Crucible -- 8.1.1. Vapor Flux versus Total Gas-Conductivity and Temperature Head -- 8.1.2. Total Pressure Versus Total Gas-Conductivity -- Back Diffusion of Chemically Inert Species -- 8.2. Mass-Transport and Kinetics in Specialized Multicameral Crucible -- 8.2.1. Vapor Flux Throughout Lids' Channels Versus Geometric Factor -- 8.2.2. Degree of RE Purification for Particular RE -- 8.2.3. Purification Deepness and Intensiveness for Fluorspars with Largely Varying Impurities' Content -- 8.2.4. Dependence of the Deepness for Ce-Purification on Apparatus Factors -- 8.2.5. Deposition Control via Adjusting the Vapor Pressure Inside the Crucible -- 8.2.6. Influence of "Substance" Factors on Cerium Purification -- Distribution of Ce Under Segregation Mechanism -- 8.3. Kinetic Limitations during RE Purification/Growing Processes -- 9. CONTROL OF THE SHAPE AND POSITION OF GROWTH INTERFACE -- Calcium Strontium Fluoride Crystals -- CONCLUSION -- ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCE -- FLUORIDE CONTENT IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST ARGENTINEAN GROUNDWATERS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Study Area -- GEOLOGICAL FEATURES -- Area 1. Coronel Moldes -- Area 2. Chaján -- Area 3. Buenos Aires -- HYDROGEOLOGY -- LOESS TEXTURE AND GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- Hydrogeochemistry -- Area 1. Coronel Moldes -- Area 2. Chaján -- Area 3. Buenos Aires -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- FLUORIDE IN GROUNDWATER: CAUSES, IMPLICATIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PROPERTIES OF FLUORIDE -- FLUORIDE IN GROUNDWATER -- CASUES FOR FLUORIDE -- Aquifer Material -- Volcanic Ash -- Fly Ash -- Fertilisers -- HEALTH IMPLICATIONS -- Dental Fluorosis -- Skeletal Fluorosis -- Other Effects -- STATUS OF GROUNDWATER FLUORIDE OCCURRENCE IN THE WORLD.

India -- MITIGATION MEASURES -- Insitu-Treatment Methods -- Exsitu-Treatment Methods -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND MECHANISM OF FLUORIDE RELEASE IN GROUND WATER: A CASE STUDY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION: -- Biochemical Mechanism of Fluoride Intoxication in Living Organism -- OCCURRENCE OF FLUORIDE IN GROUND WATER -- Sources of Fluoride -- Accumulation of Fluoride -- Leaching of Fluoride -- Mobilization of Fluoride -- DISTRIBUTION OF FLUORIDE IN GROUND WATER -- World Scenario -- Indian Scenario -- Genesis of Fluoride in Drinking Water in India -- CASE STUDY IN RAMPURHAT AND NALHATI BLOCK, BIRBHUM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA: -- Study Area -- Geology and Hydrogeology -- WATER QUALITY STUDY -- Methodology: -- Procedure: -- Correlation Study: -- Results and Discussion: -- Source Characterization -- Chemical Analysis of Water Quality Data -- Statistical Analysis of Water Quality Data -- Hydrogeochemical Facies of the Present Study Area Ground Water -- HEALTH QUALITY EVALUATION -- RECOMMENDATION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCE -- FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION OF WATER: ORIGIN, HEALTH EFFECTS AND REMEDIATION METHODS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- FLUORIDE IN WATER-ORIGIN -- FLUORIDE IN WATER-HEALTH EFFECTS -- FLUOROSIS - GLOBAL AND INDIAN SCENARIO -- FLUOROSIS - PREVENTION/MANAGEMENT -- DEFLUORIDATION UF WATER - DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES -- Chemical Precipitation-Coagulation -- THE NALGONDA TECHNIQUE -- MEMBRANE-BASED METHODS -- REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) -- ELECTRODIALYSIS AND DONNAN DIALYSIS -- Electrocoagulation (EC) -- Ion-Exchange and Adsorption Based Processes -- ION-EXCHANGE -- ADSORPTION -- ADSORBENTS FOR THE DEFLUORIDATION OF WATER -- Activated Alumina -- Bone Charcoal -- Carbonaceous Materials, Low-Cost Natural / Industrial Solid Waste Adsorbents -- Natural and Synthetic Clays -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES.

FLUORIDE IN GROUNDWATER IN NIGERIA: ORIGIN AND HEALTH IMPACT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- GEOLOGY AND FLUORIDE LEVELS/DISTRIBUTION IN GROUNDWATER -- ORIGIN OF FLUORIDE-RICH GROUNDWATER -- FLUORIDE AND HEALTH -- MITIGATION STRATEGIES OF FLUORIDE RELATED PROBLEMS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUORIDE RICH GROUNDWATER: A CASE STUDY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- FLUORIDE IN GROUNDWATER -- STUDY AREA, GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY -- METHODOLOGY -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Hydrochemistry of Groundwater -- Physical-Chemical Parameters -- Cation Chemistry Cation Chemistry -- Anion Chemistry -- Graphical Representation of Hydrochemical Data -- Correlation Analysis -- Fluoride Hydrochemistry -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- THE RELIABILITY OF THE GRAB SAMPLE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN POTABLE WATER SUPPLIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SAMPLE COLLECTION -- LABORATORY MEASURMENTS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PULSED LASER ABLATION AND DEPOSITION OF THIN FILMS OF RARE EARTH IONS-DOPED FLUORIDES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.a. General Remarks -- 1.b. Pulsed Laser Deposition -- 1.c. Rare Earth Ions-Doped Fluorides -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS -- 2.a. YLF and Nd:YLF Crystals -- 2.b. Ultra High Vacuum Chamber -- 2.c. Film Growth System -- 2.c.1. Ablation Set Up -- 2.c.2. Deposition System -- 2.d. Plume Analysis -- 2.f. Film Morphological Analysis -- 2.e. Film Optical Characterization -- 3. THE ABLATED PLUME -- 4. FILMS AND CHARACTERIZATION -- 4.a. Nd:YF Film -- 4.a.1. Optical Characterization -- 4.b. Nd:YLF Film -- 4.b.1. Optical Characterization -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.