NON-CONVENTIONAL TEXTILE WASTE WATER TREATMENT -- NON-CONVENTIONAL TEXTILE WASTE WATER TREATMENT -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 TEXTILE DYES: GENERAL INFORMATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DYES -- 2.1. Classification of Dyes -- 2.1.1. Reactive Dyes -- 2.1.2. Acid Dyes -- 2.1.3. Basic Dyes -- 2.1.4. Disperse Dyes -- 2.1.5. Vat Dyes -- 2.1.6. Sulphur Dyes -- 2.1.7. Mordant Dyes -- 2.1.8. Direct Dyes -- 2.1.9. Ingrain Dyes (Naphthol Dyes) -- 2.1.10. Solvent Dyes (Lysochromes) -- 2.1.11. Pigment Dyes (Organic Pigments) -- 2.1.12. Other Dye Classes -- 2.2. Environmental Aspects of the Textile Dyes -- 2.3. Dyes Containing Industrial Wastewaters -- 2.4. Textile Industries -- 3. EXISTING APPROACHES FOR TREATMENT OF INDUSTRY WASTEWATER -- 3.1. Physicochemical Techniques -- 3.2. Biological Techniques -- 3.3. Bacterial Decolorization -- 3.4. Fungal Decolorization -- 3.5. Phytoremediation -- 3.6. Algal Decolorization -- 3.7. Continuous Culture Reactors for Decolorization -- 3.8. Decolorization by Enzyme Systems -- 3.9. Lignin Peroxidase -- 3.10. Laccases -- 3.11. Azoreductase -- 3.12. NADH-DCIP Reductase -- 3.13. Veratryl Alcohol Oxidase -- 4. ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTS FORMED AFTER DEGRADATION OF DYES -- 5. TOXICITY OF DYES AND DYESTUFFS -- 6. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOMONITORING USING VARIOUS TOXICOLOGICAL ASSAYS -- 6.1. Cytotoxicity Analysis -- 6.2. Comet Assay (Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis) -- 6.3. Antioxidant Enzymes (Oxidative Stress Studies) -- 6.4. Lipid Peroxidation and Protein Oxidation -- 6.5. Phytotoxicity Studies -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 TEXTILE DYES XENOBIOTIC AND THEIR HARMFUL EFFECT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DYES -- 2. PURITY OF DYES -- 3. TEXTILE DYES -- 4. CLASSES OF DYES.

5. MODE OF DETOXIFICATION -- 6. IDENTIFICATION OF XENOBIOTIC -- 6.1. Classification of Xenobiotics -- 6.2. Mineralization of Xenobiotic Compounds -- 7. SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY OF AZOREDUCTASE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF AZO DYES -- 8. HARMFUL EFFECT OF AZO DYE -- 8.1. Allergic Reactions to Textiles -- 8.2. Chromosomal Aberration of Textiles -- 8.3. Mutagenicity -- 8.3.1. Textile Dyes -- 8.3.2. Arylamins -- 8.3.2.1. Monoarylamines -- 8.3.2.2. Polycyclic Amines -- 8.3.3. Azo Compounds -- 8.3.3.1. Anthraquinone Derivatives -- 8.3.3.2. Other Compounds Magenta and Basic Red 9 (CAS 569-61-9) -- 9. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE TEXTILE AUXILIARIES -- 10. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 BIOREMEDIATION OF TEXTILE DYES WASTEWATER BY MARINE MICROORGANISMS -- ABSTRACT -- DEDICATION -- 1. TEXTILE DYES -- 1.1. Synthetic Dyes -- 1.1.1. Azo Dyes -- 1.1.2. Release of Azo Dyes into the Environment -- 1.2. Removal of Dyes -- 1.2.1. Microbial Degradation of Azo Dyes -- 1.2.2. Biosorption of Dyes from Effluents -- 1.3. Applications of Bacilli -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF FUNGI IN TEXTILE WASTEWATER BIOREMEDIATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION -- 2.1. Fungal Bioremediation of Dyes -- 2.1.1. Degradation by White Rot Fungi -- 2.1.2. White Rot Fungi Degradative Enzymes -- (i) Lignin Peroxidase -- (ii) Manganese Peroxidase -- (iii) Laccase -- 2.1.3. Degradation by Brown Rot Fungi -- 2.2. Fungal Biosorption of Dyes -- 2.3. Advances in Bioremediation of Dyes -- 3. TOXICITY OF BIOLOGICALLY TREATED TEXTILE WASTEWATER -- 4. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 ALGAE AS NON-CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS FOR TREATMENT OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TEXTILE PROCESSING -- 3. PREPARATION OF ALGAE FOR BIOSORPTION -- 4. EFFECT OF PH ON DYE BIOSORPTION.

5. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DYE BIOSORPTION -- 6. EFFECT OF INITIAL DYE CONCENTRATION ON DYE BIOSORPTION -- 7. EFFECT OF INITIAL ALGAE WEIGHTT ON DYE BIOSORPTION -- 8. EQUILIBRIUM MODELING OF BIOSORPTION -- 8.1. Isotherm Models -- 8.2. Biosorption Kinetics -- 9. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 ROLE OF REDOX MEDIATORS IN ENHANCING DYE DECOLORIZATION BY USING OXIDOREDUCTIVE ENZYMES -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Toxicity of Dyestuffs -- 1.2. Classification of Dyes -- 2. REDOX MEDIATORS -- 3. ENZYME-MEDIATOR APPROACH FOR DYE/WASTEWATER TREATMENT -- 3.1. Laccases -- 3.2. Peroxidases -- 3.2.1. Lignin Peroxidases -- 3.2.2. Manganese Peroxidase -- 3.2.3. Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) -- 3.2.4. Bitter Gourd Peroxidase (BGP) -- 3.2.5. White Radish Peroxidase (WRP) -- 3.2.6. Turnip Peroxidase (TP) -- 3.2.7. Tomato Peroxidase -- 3.2.8. Bilirubin Oxidase -- 3.2.9. Quinone Reductase -- 4. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 ELECTRO-COAGULATION FOR TEXTILE DYES REMOVAL -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR WASTES TREATMENT -- 2. THEORY OF ELECTROCOAGULATION -- 3. REACTIONS AT THE ELECTRODES -- 4. CONFIGURATIONS OF ELECTROCOAGULATION CELLS -- 4.1. Monopolar Electrodes -- 4.1.1. Monopolar Electrodes in Parallel Connections -- 4.1.2. Monopolar Electrodes in Series Connections -- 4.1.3. Bipolar Electrodes -- 5. DESIGN OF THE EC CELL -- 5.1. TALL VERTICAL-PLATE REACTOR -- 5.2. Long Horizontal Plate Reactor -- 5.3. Short Horizontal Plate Reactor -- 5.4. Perforated Plate Reactor -- 5.5. Solid Tube Reactor -- 5.6. Perforated Tube Reactor -- 6. USING ALUMINUM ELECTRODES IN EC -- 7. USING IRON AND STEEL ELECTRODES -- 8. REMOVAL OF DYES USING EC TECHNIQUE -- 8.1. Effect of pH -- 8.2. Effect of Electrode Number -- 8.3. Effect of Initial Dye Concentration.

8.4. Effect of Current Density -- 8.5. Effect of Conductivity -- 9. ELECTROCOAGULATION FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDED -- 10. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 CLEANER (SUSTAINABLE) PRODUCTION IN TEXTILE WET PROCESSING -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. The Cleaner Production Concept -- 1.2. The Cleaner Production Techniques -- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN TEXTILE WET PROCESSING -- 3. CLEANER (SUSTAINABLE) METHODS APPLICABLE TO THE WET PROCESSING TEXTILE INDUSTRY -- 3.1. Improving Current Operations -- 3.1.1. Material or other Feedstock Substitution -- 3.1.2. Equipment or Process Modifications -- 3.1.3. Good Operating Practices and Training -- 3.1.4. Inventory Management and Purchasing -- 3.1.5. Spill and Leak Prevention -- 3.1.6. On-site Reuse, Recycling or Recovery -- 3.2. Product Design Changes and Reformulation -- 4. TEXTILE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT IN UNIDO ECOEFFICIENCY (CLEANER PRODUCTION) PROGRAM IN TURKEY -- 4.1. Determination of the Framework Conditions and Research-Development Needs for the Dissemination of Cleaner (Sustainable) Production Applications in Turkey Project -- 4.2. UNIDO Eco-efficiency (Cleaner Production) Program -- 4.3. Textile Demonstration Project -- 4.3.1. Company and Process Description -- 4.3.2. Ecoefficiency (Cleaner Production) Implementations -- 4.3.3. Environmental Benefits -- Water Consumption -- Energy Consumption -- Other Benefits -- 4.3.4. Evaluation of the Dissemination Impact of the Project -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 LIPID INTERACTION WITH TEXTILE FIBERS AND CONTROL RELEASE OF A MICROENCAPSULATED ACID DYE PROMOTED BY CATIONIC SURFACTANTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1. Liposome Preparation -- 2.2. Dyeing Conditions -- 2.2.1. Dyeing of Polyamide -- 2.2.2. Dyeing of Cotton -- 2.3. Spectroscopic Measurements -- 3. INTERACTION OF LECITHIN WITH TEXTILE FIBERS.

4. RELEASE OF A MICROENCAPSULATED ACID DYE IN POLYAMIDE DYEING USING MIXED CATIONIC LIPOSOMES -- 4.1. Telon Blue RR in Homogeneous Media -- 4.2. Telon Blue RR Encapsulated in Lecithin Liposomes -- 4.3. Telon Blue RR Encapsulated in Lecithin: DODAB Liposomes -- 4.4. Telon Blue RR Encapsulated in Lecithin Liposomes in the Presence of Polyamide -- 4.5. Telon Blue RR Encapsulated in Lecithin/DODAB Liposomes in the Presence of Polyamide -- 4.5.1. Exhaustion Curves -- 5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.