PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY -- PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY -- Contents -- Acknowledgment -- Introduction -- Contrasting Facets of Nanoparticles-Based Phototherapy: Photo-Damageand Photo-Regeneration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. The Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) -- 1.1. Dosimetry -- 1.1.1. Drug Light Interval (DLI) -- 1.1.2. Light Delivery -- 1.1.3. Oxygenation -- 1.1.4. Photosensitizers -- 1.2. Liposomal Formulations of Photosensitizers -- 1.2.1. Description and Classification -- 1.2.2. Liposomal Inclusion of Photosensitizers -- 1.2.2.1. Photochemical and Photophysical Properties -- 1.2.2.2. Photosensitizer Release -- 1.2.2.2.1. Methods of Investigation -- 1.2.2.2.2. Processes Implicating in the PS Redistribution -- 1.2.2.2.3. Improvement of Pharmacokinetic Properties -- 2. Photoinduced Passive Targeting -- 2.1. Specific Light Delivery -- 2.2. DLI Modulation: Compartmental Targeting -- 2.3. Pharmacokinetics: Stability and Bioavailability of Liposomes -- 2.3.1. Enhanced Permeability Retention Effect (EPR) -- 2.3.2. Factors Influencing EPR Effect -- 2.3.2.1. Size, Composition and Charge -- 2.3.2.2. Redistribution in Plasma -- 2.3.2.3. Reticuloendothelial System (RES) -- 2.3.2.4. Tumoral Microenvironment -- 2.3.2.4.1. Tumoral Lymphatic System -- 2.3.2.4.2. Vascular Mediators -- 2.3.2.4.3. Heterogeneity of Tumors -- 2.3.2.4.4. Tumor Blood Vasculature -- 2.4. Photoinduced Damage by Passive Targeting with Liposomes -- 2.4.1. Specific Models for Vasculature Visualization -- 2.4.1.1. Window-Chamber Model (WCM) -- 2.4.1.2. Chick Chorioallantoïc Membrane (CAM) -- 2.4.1.2.1. Description -- 2.4.1.2.2. Photodynamic Evaluation -- 2.4.2. Liposomal Photosensitizers for PDT Efficacy -- 2.5. Impact of the Immune System -- 3. Photoinduced Tissue Regeneration by PDT -- 3.1. Wound Healing Definition and Description -- 3.2. Factors Involved in Wound Healing.

3.2.1. Cell Lineages -- 3.2.2. Growth Factors -- 3.2.3. Extracellular Matrix Components -- 3.3. Clinical Context -- 3.4. PDT and Wound Healing: the Pros and Cons -- 3.4.1. Nefast Effects on Wound Repair -- 3.4.2. Improvements of Wound Repair -- 3.4.2.1. Re-epithelialization and Re-endothelialization -- 3.4.2.2. Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts -- 3.4.2.3. Antimicrobial Action -- 3.4.2.4. Immunomodulation -- Conclusion -- References -- Nanostructured Third Generation Photosensitizers for Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Photosensitizers for Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy -- 3. General Aspects of Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems for Anticancer Therapy -- 4. Nanostructured Third Generation Photosensitizers for Anticancer Therapy -- 4.1. Liposomes -- 4.2. Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles -- Conclusion -- References -- The Role of Phagocytosis in Cell Deaths by Photodynamic Therapy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Principles of PDT -- Photosensitizers -- Light Sources -- Tissue Oxygen -- Photophysics and Photochemistry of PDT -- Cell Death Mechanisms after PDT -- PDT and Apoptosis -- PDT and Necrosis -- PDT and Autophagy -- Dead Cells Removal as Exploitable Resource in Cancer Therapy -- Mechanisms of Clearance of Apoptotic Cells -- Stop the Recruitment and Recognition: Don't Eat Me Signals -- Recruitment: Find Me Signals -- Recognition and Tethering: Crosstalk Between Ligands, Bridging Molecules and Receptors -- Phagocyte Signaling and Engulfment -- Processing of the Ingested Cargo and Its Degradation -- Release of Cytokines and Immunological Consequences -- Immunogenic Impact of PDT-Induced Cell Deaths -- Conclusion -- References -- Photodynamic Treatment of Actinic Keratosis Using Ameluz®: Recapitulation of Clinical Phase III Studies in the Light of Novel Preclinical Research -- Abstract.

1. Three Challenges for Photodynamic Therapy in the Clinical Management of Actinic Keratosis -- 2. Two Sides of the Same Medal: Combining Clinical Experience with Preclinical Understanding -- 3. Clinical Impressions: Efficacy and Safety -- 4. Preclinical Explanations: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms -- 5. The Source, the Depth and the Transmission: Novel Insights into Pain during PDT -- Conclusion -- References -- Cellular Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy with Hypericin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Basic Mechanisms -- Hypericin in PDT -- Intracellular Localisation -- Cell Death Signalling -- Autophagy -- Anti-Vascular Effect of PDT with Hypericin -- Light-Independent Action of Hypericin (Hypericin on the "Dark Side") -- Interaction with Enzyme Activity and Expression -- Strategies to Overcome the Resistance to HY-PDT -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Effect of Liposomal Photosensitizer as Advanced Photodynamic Therapy -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Photofrin -- 2.1. Preparation of Liposomal Photofrin -- 2.2. Effect of Liposomal Photofrin on Human Gastric Tumor -- 2.2.1. Tissue Distribution of Photofrin -- 2.2.2. Antitumor Activity of Liposomal Photofrin -- 2.3. Efficacy of PEG Modified Liposomal Photofrin -- 3. Coproporphyrin I -- 3.1. Liposomalization of Zn-Complexed Coproporphyrin I -- 3.2. Effect of Liposomalization on the Phototoxicity of Coproporphyrin -- Conclusion -- References -- Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Periodontics and Implantology -- Abstract -- Introduction: Periodontal Disease and Its Challenges -- Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles -- Historic Background -- The Photodynamic Mechanism -- Light Sources in aPDT -- Photosensitizers -- Phenotiazinium Dyes -- Physical and Chemical Parameters -- Photosensitization Efficacy -- Photobleaching -- Hydrophilic / Lypophilic Balance.

Planarity -- Microbiological Parameters -- Factors Influencing Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy -- Strategies of Optimization -- Preclinical Studies -- In Vitro Studies -- In Vivo Studies -- Clinical Studies -- Chronic Periodontitis -- Aggressive Periodontitis -- References -- Cell Death and Resistance Mechanisms Triggered by Photodynamic Therapy -- Abstract -- The Principles of Photodynamic Therapy -- Photophysycal and Photochemistry Processes in PDT -- Tumor Photosensitizers: Still an Ongoing Research Issue -- Natural Photosensitizers -- PDT Oxidative Damage Triggers Different Modes of Cell Death -- Cytoprotective Mechanisms of Resistance -- Multidrug Resistance Proteins -- Antioxidant Enzymes -- Heat Shock Proteins -- Survivin -- Bcl-2 Family Proteins -- Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion -- PDT Triggers Dual Outcome: The "Yin and Yang" of Tumor Microenvironment -- Angiogenesis as the Growing Tumor's Favorite: PDT Implications -- Tumor Surrounding Stroma as an Active Player of Tumor PDT Response -- Endothelial Cell -- Extracellular Matrix -- Fibroblasts -- Macrophages -- Conclusion -- References -- Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology: What's New -- Abstract -- History -- New Photosensitizer -- Methelene Blue -- Photophysics -- Photochemistry -- New Source of Light -- Eosin -- New Delivery System: 'Nano' Strategies for Photosensitizer -- Light Sources -- Non-Coherent Light Sources -- Lasers in PDT -- Advantages of Using Lasers as a Light Source for PDT -- Disadvantages -- Therapeutic Indications of PDT -- Actinic Keratosis -- Basal Cell Carcinoma -- Bowen's Disease and Initial SCC -- Relatively New Non Oncologic Applications -- Acne -- Psoriasis -- Leishmaniasis -- Antifungal Applications -- Conclusion -- References.

Dendrimer Based Drug Delivery Systemfor Efficient Delivery of Hydrophilic Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results and Discussion -- 2.1. Synthesis of PAMAM Dendrimer -- 2.2. Encapsulation of Rose Bengal into the PAMAM Dendritic Box -- 2.3. Characterization of PAMAM Dendrimers -- 2.4. Dendrimer-Rose Bengal Interactions -- 2.5. Drug Loading and Encapsulation Efficiency of G2.5 PAMAM+RB Nanocapsules -- 2.6. In Vitro Drug Release Kinetics of G2.5 PAMAM+RB -- 2.7. ROS Quantum Efficiency of G2.5 PAMAM + RB -- 2.8. Phototoxicity and Dark Toxicity of G2.5 PAMAM + RB -- Conclusion -- 4. Material and Methods -- 4.1. Materials Used -- 4.2. Characterization Techniques -- 4.3. Estimation of Drug Loading and Encapsulation Efficiency -- 4.4. Measurement of Drug Release Kinetics -- 4.5. Light Source for PDT -- 4.6. Measurement of Quantum Yield of ROS Generation by Iodide Method -- 4.7. In Vitro Cell Viability Test - MTT Assay -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.