Teaching in Tension: International Pedagogies, National Policies,and Teachers' Practices in Tanzania -- DEDICATION -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- LIST OF TABLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS -- SERIES EDITORS INTRODUCTION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- TEACHING AND RESEARCHING IN TENSION -- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK -- Contingent Pedagogy -- Learner-Centered Pedagogy -- LEARNER-CENTERED PEDAGOGY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- OVERVIEW OF THE TANZANIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM -- Structure of the Education System -- History of the Education System -- SUMMARY AND PREVIEW -- NOTES -- APPENDIX: LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES -- REFERENCES -- 2. THE EMERGENCE OF AN INTERNATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH COLLABORATION -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORY OF TEACHING IN ACTION -- THE RESEARCH PROJECT -- NOTES -- APPENDIX: CLASSROOM OBSERVATION GUIDE -- REFERENCES -- 3. LEARNING TO TEACH IN TANZANIA: Teacher Perceptions and Experiences -- INTRODUCTION -- A SOCIO-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING OF TEACHING KNOWLEDGE -- LEARNING TO TEACH -- Pre-Service Teacher Education -- In-Service Teacher Education -- THE EXPERIENCES AND PERSPECTIVES OF TEACHERS IN THE RESEARCH PROJECT -- Motivation to Become a Teacher -- Integration of Theory and Practice: Pre-Service Courses and Student Teaching -- In-Service Formal Professional Development Opportunities -- Adapting Theory to Practice as Teachers -- CONCLUSION -- QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 4. TEACHERS' UNDERSTANDINGS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LEARNER-CENTERED PEDAGOGY -- INTRODUCTION -- LEARNER-CENTERED PEDAGOGY IN TANZANIA -- LEARNING ABOUT LCP FROM THE TIA TEACHERS -- Definitions of Learner-Centered Pedagogy -- The Benefits of Learner-Centered Pedagogy -- Concerns Regarding Authority -- Enacting Learner-Centered Pedagogy -- CONCLUSION -- QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES.

5. WORKING LIVES OF TEACHERS: Social and Material Constraints -- INTRODUCTION -- LITERATURE REVIEW -- DATA ANALYSIS -- Conditions of Teaching at Mwanga Secondary School -- Domain #1: Economic Constraints on Teaching and Administration -- Domain #2: Roles and Responsibilities of Teachers -- Domain #3: Roles and Responsibilities of School Administrators -- CONCLUSION -- QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- 6. TESTING AND TEACHING: The Tanzanian National Exams and their Influence on Pedagogy -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORY OF STANDARDIZED EXAMINATIONS IN TANZANIA -- TANZANIAN NATIONAL EXAMS: AN OVERVIEW -- FINDINGS -- Factual Questions and the Impact on Pedagogy -- Language Problems and Their Potential Effect on Comprehension -- Ambiguous Test Items -- Content-Area Exams as Tests of English -- CONCLUSION -- QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- 7. TEACHERS' CONCEPTUALIZATIONS AND PRACTICES OF INCLUSION -- INTRODUCTION -- INCLUSION: CONCEPTS, POLICIES, AND CONTEXTS -- ISSUES RELATED TO MAINSTREAMING AND TRACKING OF STUDENTS -- MAIN FINDINGS -- Conceptualizing Disability -- School-Level Approaches to Teaching Students with Mixed Abilities -- Addressing Mixed Abilities within Classrooms -- CONCLUSION -- QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- 8. GENDERED ASPECTS OF CLASSROOM PRACTICE -- INTRODUCTION -- WOMEN, GENDER, DEVELOPMENT, AND EDUCATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW -- Women in Development (WID) -- Gender and Development (GAD) -- MAIN FINDINGS -- Equality in Participation -- Encouraging Active Participation and Discouraging Shyness -- Mixing Boys and Girls in the Classroom -- Perpetuating Gendered Norms -- Challenging Normative Beliefs -- CONCLUSION -- QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- 9. CLASSROOM DISCOURSE -- INTRODUCTION -- REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON CLASSROOM DISCOURSE -- Patterns of Interaction -- Types of Questions.

Medium of Instruction and Code Switching -- CLASSROOM DISCOURSE AND INTERACTIONS: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS -- Types of Questions in the Classroom -- Critical Thinking -- CODE SWITCHING AS INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY -- CONCLUSION -- QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- 10. INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION: Processes, Benefits, Tensions, and Conclusions -- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: THE SOCIOLOGY OF SOCIAL RESEARCH -- COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: BENEFITS -- COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: CHALLENGES -- Mobility of the Research Team -- Funding -- Timing, Training, and the Research Process -- Writing -- Power Relations -- RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS -- Selection and Mobility -- Funding -- Mentoring, Training, and Socialization -- Timing and Research Process -- Communication -- REFERENCES -- NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS -- INDEX.