Private Tutoring Across the Mediterranean: Power Dynamics and Implications for Learning and Equity -- CONTENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION: Situating Private Tutoring -- THE MEDITERRANEAN AS AN ARENA FOR COMPARISON -- METAPHORS AND TERMINOLOGY -- DIFFERENT ANGLES OF APPROACH -- REFERENCES -- 2. PRIVATE TUTORING AND SOCIAL EQUITY IN CROATIA AND BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA: A Comparative Qualitative Study -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRIVATE TUTORING IN CROATIA AND BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA -- COMPARATIVE CONTEXT -- METHODOLOGY -- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION -- Accessibility and Affordability of PT Services for Pupils from Different Socio-Economic Backgrounds -- Versatility of PT Services for Pupils from Different Socio-Economic Backgrounds -- Social Equity and PT - An Issue of Marginal Importance for Educational Stakeholders -- Educational Policy - Impaired and Nostalgic -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 3. CHARTING PRIVATE TUTORING IN CYPRUS: A Socio-Demographic Perspective -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE AIMS OF THE STUDY -- THE LOCAL IDIOSYNCRASIES OF THE PRIVATE TUITION INDUSTRY -- METHODOLOGY -- Samples and Instruments -- Analyses -- RESULTS -- The Extent of Private Tuition in Cyprus -- The Financial Aspect of the Private Tutoring Industry -- Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Private Tuition -- DISCUSSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 4. EDUCATION 'HOME DELIVERY' IN EGYPT: Private Tutoring and Social Stratification -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY -- SCOPE AND FORMS OF TUTORING IN EGYPT -- Policy Responses -- 'KHALLAS YA USTAZ, EHNA FID-DARS!': A PRIVATE LESSON IN LOWER INCOME CAIRO -- Education 'Home Delivery': A Private Lesson in an Upper Class Home -- Tutoring across Class Boundaries: Differences and Commonalities -- Naql Years vs. Shihada Years: Tutoring in Different Education Levels.

EDUCATION 'HOME DELIVERY': PEER PRESSURE AND POSITIONAL COMPETITION -- MAKING A NAME FOR ONESELF: 'FAMOUS TEACHERS' AND THEIR STRATEGIES -- STUDENT-TEACHER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE INFORMAL EDUCATION SECTOR -- CONCLUSION: TUTORING, EQUITY, AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN EGYPT -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 5. EDUCATION AS A MARKET IN FRANCE: Forms and Stakes of Private Tutoring -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- AFTER-SCHOOL SUPPORT IN FRANCE -- Private Lessons -- Not-for-Profit Associations as After-School Support Providers -- Educational Coaching -- THE STAKES OF PRIVATE TUTORING -- A Very Unequally Distributed Resource -- The Effects of Private Tuition -- GOVERNMENT ACTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 6. SHADOW EDUCATION IN GREECE: Characteristics, Consequences and Eradication Efforts -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND -- KEY ASPECTS OF THE GREEK EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM -- TYPES OF SHADOW EDUCATION -- ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE EXPANSION OF SHADOW EDUCATION -- THE EXTENT OF SHADOW EDUCATION -- STUDENTS' JUSTIFICATIONS FOR TAKING PRIVATE TUTORING -- GENDER ISSUES RELATED TO SHADOW EDUCATION -- NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF SHADOW EDUCATION -- Economic Burden on Households -- Social Inequalities -- Regional Disparities -- Student Burnout -- IMPACT ON MAINSTREAM SCHOOLING -- POSITIVE DIMENSIONS -- NATIONAL POLICIES TO REDUCE SHADOW EDUCATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 7. PRIVATE TUTORING IN ITALY: Shadow Education in a Changing Context -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRIVATE LESSONS: A COMMON PRACTICE SINCE THE 19TH CENTURY -- FASCIST ITALY (1922-1943): PRIVATE TUTORING AS SURVIVAL FOR ANTIFASCIST INTELLECTUALS -- SCHOOL REFORMS BETWEEN DEMOCRATISATION AND EXCLUSION - PRIVATE TUTORING IN ITALY AND THE CHOICE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL -- THE BOOM IN PRIVATE TUTORING AND 'REFORM' MEASURES.

THE COSTS OF PRIVATE TUTORING -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 8. THE PRIVATE TUITION PHENOMENON IN MALTA: Moving toward a Fairer Education System -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRIVATE TUITION: EXACERBATING INEQUALITIES -- PRIVATE TUITION IN MALTA -- High Visibility -- Links to Examinations -- Provision, Costs and Family Background -- A FAIRNESS PERSPECTIVE ON MALTESE RESEARCH -- Incidence of Private Tuition -- Main Reasons for Attending Private Tuition -- Students Who Attend Private Tuition -- Experiencing Private Tuition and Its Effectiveness -- MAKING THE SYSTEM FAIRER -- LET THERE BE 'PENUMBRA' -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 9. PRIVATE TUTORING IN PORTUGAL: Patterns and Impact at Different Levels of Education -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRIVATE TUTORING: A GLOBALISED PHENOMENON OF INCREASING COMPLEXITY -- THE XPLIKA PROJECT -- SOME RELATED STUDIES -- EXTENSIONS OF THE XPLIKA PROJECT -- FINAL CONSIDERATIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 10. CONSTRUCTIONS OF PRIVATE TUTORING INSLOVENIAN ONLINE CHATROOMS: A Content Analysis -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DEVELOPMENT OF PRIVATE TUTORING -- RESEARCH METHODS -- FINDINGS -- Scope and Breadth of Private Tutoring -- Thematic Aspects of Private Tutoring -- Social Contexts of Private Tutoring -- CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 11. PRIVATE TUTORING AND INEQUITABLEOPPORTUNITIES IN TURKEY: Challenges and Policy Implications -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRIVATE TUTORING CENTRES -- SCHOOL TYPES, SUBJECT STREAMS, ACHIEVEMENT, AND PRIVATE TUTORING -- EDUCATORS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS PTCS -- NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS AND THE QUALITY OF HIGH SCHOOLS -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 12. THE DEMAND FOR PRIVATE TUTORINGIN TURKEY: Unintended Consequences of Curriculum Reform -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRIVATE TUTORING IN TURKEY -- CURRICULUM CHANGE -- The Rationale -- The Competency-Based Curriculum -- METHODOLOGY.

TEACHERS' REFLECTIONS ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE REVISED CURRICULUM FOR PRIVATE TUTORING -- LEARNING IN MAINSTREAM SCHOOLING -- Reduced Content Load -- The Quality of Textbooks -- Student-Centred Pedagogy -- Research Assignments -- THE EXAM DILEMMA -- INCREASING DEMAND FOR PRIVATE TUTORING -- PERCEIVED OUTCOMES OF PRIVATE TUTORING -- Performance at the Entrance Exams -- Impact on Mainstream Schooling -- Economic Implications -- Intensification of Socio-Economic Inequalities -- A Compromised Childhood -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 13. BEYOND SHADOWS: Equity, Diversity, and Private Tutoring -- A CONTESTED POLITICAL TERRAIN -- MARKETS AND THE 'RESPONSIBILISING OF THE SELF' -- SOCIAL REPRODUCTION AND CLASS STRUGGLES -- INSTITUTIONAL INTERSECTIONS AND EDUCATIONAL TRANSITIONS -- EQUITY, DIVERSITY, AND THE PUBLIC GOOD -- FUTURE STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS -- FORMATTING INSTRUCTIONS.