COVER -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- NOTES -- CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND -- ORIGINS AND THE MIDDLE CLASSES -- THE LOWER CLASSES -- SMITH, MILL AND BENTHAM -- NOTES -- CHAPTER 2: TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION -- THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS -- THE LONDON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE -- CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE -- PRIVATE TEACHERS -- NOTES -- CHAPTER 3: THE PUBLIC SECTOR CONTEXT -- THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND ART -- THE CIVIL SERVICE 1858-1870 -- THE CIVIL SERVICE 1870-1900 -- NOTES -- CHAPTER 4: SECONDARY EDUCATION -- THE COLLEGE OF PRECEPTORS -- OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE LOCALS -- UNIVERSITY OF LONDON -- NOTES -- CHAPTER 5: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY -- TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS -- CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS -- SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS -- NOTES -- CHAPTER 6: THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY -- VOCATIONAL EXAMINATIONS -- CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS -- SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS -- NOTES -- CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.