Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of Phalaenopsis Species -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Biogeographical Pattern of Genus Phalaenopsis -- 1.3 Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Phalaenopsis Species -- 1.3.1 Phylogenetics and biogeography of the genus Phalaenopsis -- 1.3.1.1 Molecular phylogenetics of Phalaenopsis -- 1.3.1.2 Biogeography -- 1.3.2 Phylogenetics and biogeography of the Phalaenopsis amabilis complex -- 1.3.3 Phylogenetics and biogeography of the Phalaenopsis sumatrana complex -- 1.3.3.1 Molecular phylogenetics -- 1.3.3.2 Biogeography and evolutionary trends -- 1.3.4 Phylogenetics and biogeography of the Phalaenopsis violacea complex -- 1.3.5 Phylogenetics, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana complex -- References -- 2. Endopolyploidy in Phalaenopsis Orchids and Its Application in Polyploid Breeding -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Endopolyploidy and its occurrence in plants -- 2.1.2 Endopolyploidy in orchid species -- 2.1.3 Polyploidy in orchids and its significance in variety improvement -- 2.2 Endopolyploidy in Phalaenopsis -- 2.2.1 Endopolyploidy in ovule and seed development -- 2.2.2 Endopolyploidy in different tissues at different stages of plant development -- 2.3 Production of Polyploid Plants through Endopolyploidy in Phalaenopsis -- 2.3.1 Previous research on spontaneous chromosome doubling through tissue culture -- 2.3.2 Production of polyploid plants by excision of protocorms or protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) -- 2.3.3 Performance of polyploidy plants developed from protocorm-like bodies -- 2.4 Polyploid Breeding in Phalaenopsis -- 2.4.1 Major problems in the breeding of Phalaenopsis orchids -- 2.4.2 Chromosome doubling as a means of solution -- 2.4.3 Comprehensive polyploid breeding program for Phalaenopsis orchids.

2.4.3.1 A database for the nuclear DNA content of Phalaenopsis species -- 2.4.3.2 A conversion program of diploid Phalaenopsis species to tetraploid -- 2.4.3.3 Extension and utilization of polyploid germplasm -- 2.5 Conclusion and Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3. Growth Responses and Changes of Active Components as In.uenced by Elevations and Orchid Mycorrhizae on Anoectochilus Formosanus Hayata -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 The medicinal effect of A. formosanus -- 3.1.2 The propagation of A. formosanus -- 3.1.3 PBCM combined with the inoculation ofOMF -- 3.2 Results -- 3.2.1 Plastic bag cultivation method (PBCM) -- 3.2.2 Inoculation of OMF for the cultivation of A. formosanus -- 3.2.3 Analysis of the antioxidant capacity -- 3.2.3.1 Comparison and analysis of phenolic compounds -- 3.2.3.2 Test of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity -- 3.2.4 Analysis of the hepatoprotective components -- 3.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4. A Practical Method for Monitoring the Fertility of Sphagnum Moss During Phalaenopsis Cultivation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Validation of the Pour-through Method for Phalaenopsis Cultivation with Sphagnum Moss -- 4.3 Establishment of a Standard Pour-through Procedure for Fertility Monitoring of Sphagnum Moss -- 4.4 Practical Application and Some Considerations -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5. Compositional Variation in the Polysaccharides of the Pseudobulb of Oncidium Gower Ramsey During Different Stages of Inflorescence Development -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biochemical Characterization of Polysaccharides in the Pseudobulb -- 5.2.1 Extraction of polysaccharide components at various growth stages of the pseudobulb -- 5.2.1.1 Extraction of mannans -- 5.2.1.2 Extraction of pectins.

5.2.1.3 Polysaccharide hydrolysis procedures and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) analysis -- 5.2.2 Mannan and pectin pro.les in different developmental stages of the pseudobulb -- 5.3 Conclusions -- 5.4 Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6. Coloration and Color Patterning in Floral Tissues of Oncidium Gower Ramsey -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Color Pattern in Floral Tissues of Oncidium Hybrid -- 6.2.1 HPLC analysis of anthocyanin in Oncidium .oral tissues -- 6.2.2 Gene expression pattern of anthocyanin biosynthesis -- 6.2.3 Regulatory analysis of anthocyanin biosynthesis -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Pigments in Phalaenopsis Species -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Constituents of the Phalaenopsis Species -- 7.2.1 Anthocyanins -- 7.2.2 Flavonoids -- 7.2.3 Others -- 7.2.4 The bioactivity of pigments from Phalaenopsis species and their application -- 7.3 Quantification of Pigments in Phalaenopsis Species -- 7.3.1 Analysis of native Phalaenopsis species -- 7.3.2 Analysis of Phalaenopsis cultivars -- 7.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8. Biosynthetic Pathway of Pigments in Phalaenopsis Species -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Common Biosynthetic Pathway of Anthocyanins -- 8.2.1 Phenylpropanoid metabolism leading to flavonoids and anthocyanins -- 8.2.2 Colors of different anthocyanins -- 8.2.3 Stabilization of anthocyanins -- 8.3 Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins in Phalaenopsis Species -- 8.3.1 Role of glucosyltransferase (GT) in anthocyanin formation -- 8.3.2 Genes involved in color formation in plants -- 8.3.3 Expression of UFGT genes in Phalaenopsis species -- 8.3.4 Proposed pathway for the pigments in Phalaenopsis species -- 8.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References.

9. Biosynthetic Regulation of Floral Scent in Phalaenopsis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Significance of the floral/orchid scent -- 9.1.2 Floral scent of Phalaenopsis -- 9.1.3 Difficulty of orchid scent research -- 9.1.4 Reasons for studying P. bellina -- 9.2 Scent Biosynthesis Pathway -- 9.2.1 Strategy to isolate scent biosynthesis pathway in P. bellina -- 9.2.2 Scent biosynthesis pathway and related pathway -- 9.2.2.1 Scent biosynthesis pathway -- 9.2.2.2 Scent related gene -- 9.2.3 Critical enzyme for scent biosynthesis -- 9.3 Characterization and Signi.cance of Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase Gene in Phalaenopsis -- 9.3.1 The role of PbGDPS -- 9.3.1.1 Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of PbGDPS -- 9.3.1.2 Functional characterization of recombinant PbGDPS -- 9.3.1.3 Expression patterns of PbGDPS in Phalaenopsis -- 9.3.2 PbGDPS protein behaviors -- 9.3.2.1 Homology modeling of the PbGDPS structure -- 9.3.2.2 Site-directed mutagenesis of the Glu-rich motif -- 9.3.3 Phylogenetic relationships of PbGDPS -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 9.5 Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10. Warm- and Cool-Night Temperatures Alter Carbon Dioxide Fixation Pattern and Biochemical Metabolism in Phalaenopsis aphrodite -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Different Night Temperature Affects Photosynthesis -- 10.2.1 Chlorophyll a fluorescence -- 10.2.2 Gas exchange -- 10.3 Different Night Temperature Affects Biochemical Metabolisms -- 10.3.1 Organic acids -- 10.3.2 Metabolizable carbohydrates -- 10.3.3 Related-enzyme activities -- 10.4 The Relationship between Spike Induction and Diurnal Changes in Carbohydrates -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11. Flower Development in the Oncidium Orchid -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 The ABCDE model for flower development -- 11.1.2 Flower development in nongrass monocots.

11.1.3 The Oncidium flower as a model system -- 11.2 Characterization of Oncidium MADS Box Genes -- 11.2.1 A/E class genes and flower transition -- 11.2.2 B class genes and perianth formation -- 11.2.3 C, D class genes and sexual organ formation -- 11.3 Flower Modification -- 11.3.1 Modification of the perianth of the Oncidium flower -- 11.3.2 Other applications of Oncidum MADS box genes -- 11.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12. The Relationship Between Ethylene and Orchid Ovule Development -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction -- 12.1.2 Orchid reproductive biology -- 12.2 The Unique Control System for Orchid Ovule Development -- 12.2.1 Categories of ovule development in Orchidaceae -- 12.2.2 Orchid ovule morphogenesis -- 12.2.3 Benefit of a unique control system for orchid ovule development -- 12.3 Ethylene is Involved in Orchid Ovule Development -- 12.3.1 Ethylene function in plant physiology and development -- 12.3.2 Evidence of ethylene involved in orchid ovule development -- 12.3.3 Expression of Phal-ACS is regulated by pollination -- 12.3.4 Phosphorylation status of Phal-ACS correlated with ethylene production in the ovary -- 12.4 Orchid GLOBOSA-like Gene, PeMADS6, Involved in Ovary/ovule Development via a Mode of Action by Auxin/ethylene -- 12.4.1 Expression of PeMADS6 is correlated to pollination -- 12.4.2 Expression of PeMADS6 is regulated by auxin and ethylene -- 12.5 Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13. The Application of the Chloroplast Genome of Oncidium in Plant Identification and Breeding in Oncidiinae -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Plant identi.cation and breeding in Oncidium -- 13.1.2 PCR is a simple method for chloroplast genome sequencing -- 13.2 The Chloroplast Genome of Oncidium Gower Ramsey.

13.2.1 The structure and characterization of the chloroplast genome of Oncidium Grower Ramsey.