Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Myths of Origin: Europe and the Aryan Homeland Quest -- Biblical Origins -- India, the Cradle of Civilization -- The Aryans and Colonial and Missionary Discourse -- German Aryanism -- Two Centuries of Homeland Theories -- Present-Day Homeland Hypotheses -- Conclusion -- 2. Early Indian Responses -- Hindu Nationalist Responses -- The First Reactions: Hindu Religious Leaders -- Conclusion -- 3. Vedic Philology -- The Racial Evidence -- The West-to-East Geographic Shift in Sanskrit Texts -- Conclusion -- 4. Indo-European Comparative Linguistics: The Dethronement of Sanskrit -- The Law of Palatals and the Discovery of Hittite -- Objections from India -- Conclusion -- 5. Linguistic Substrata in Sanskrit Texts -- Linguistic Innovations in Sanskrit -- Evidence of the Loanwords -- Terms for Flora in Indic Languages -- Place-Names and River Names -- Indo-Aryan, or Dravidian and Munda Migrations? -- Conclusion -- 6. Linguistic Paleontology -- Flora and Fauna -- The Horse -- Criticisms of the Method -- Conclusion -- 7. Linguistic Evidence from outside of India -- Semitic Loans in Indo-European: Nichols's Model -- Finno-Ugric Loans -- Other Traces of Indo-Aryan -- The Avestan Evidence -- The Mitanni Treaties -- Conclusion -- 8. The Viability of a South Asian Homeland -- Center of Origin Method -- Dialectical Subgroupings: Gamkrelidze and Ivanov's Model -- Nichols's Sogdiana Model -- Conclusion -- 9. The Indus Valley Civilization -- Indra Stands Accused -- The Religion of the Indus Valley -- The Sarasvatī -- The Horse -- The Chariot -- The Indus Script -- Urbanity and the Rgveda -- Conclusion -- 10. Aryans in the Archaeological Record: The Evidence outside the Subcontinent -- Identifying Aryans -- The Northern Route -- The Southern Route -- Two Wave Theories -- Conclusion.

11. Aryans in the Archaeological Record: The Evidence inside the Subcontinent -- Gandhara Grave Culture -- Jhukar Culture -- Cemetery H Culture -- Painted Gray Ware Culture -- Aryans in the Skeletal Record -- Continuity and Innovation -- Conclusion -- 12. The Date of the Veda -- Dating Proto-Indo-European -- Dating the Veda -- Astronomy and Vedic Chronology -- The Mathematics of the Śulvasautras -- Conclusion -- 13. Aryan Origins and Modern Nationalist Discourse -- Nationalism and Historiography: General Comments -- The Aryans in Hindutva Ideology -- Stereotypes and Counterstereotypes -- Discourses of Suspicion -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Works Cited -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- Z.