Contents -- Introduction -- Part I: The Emergence of Medical Specialization in the Nineteenth Century -- 1: The Rise of Specialties in Early Nineteenth-Century Paris -- 2: Specialization and Its Opponents in London -- 3: Specialization in the German-Speaking World -- 4: The Rise of American Specialties -- Part II: Regulating and Standardizing Specialist Practice, 1890-1950 -- 5: Regulating Specialists in National Medical Directories -- 6: Regulating Specialists in Germany -- 7: Regulating Specialists the American Way -- 8: The French Style of Regulating Specialists -- 9: Regulating Specialists in the British Manner -- Part III: Medical Specialties in Comparative Perspective -- 10: From Divisions of Medicine to Specialties -- 11: Division, Unification, and Competition -- General Conclusions -- Epilogue: Specialists and Generalists in the Era of Biomedicine -- Appendices -- Notes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y.