Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- INTRODUCTION: Point of Departure -- First Quadrant: Geodesy -- CHAPTER ONE: Earth and Its Orbit -- CHAPTER TWO: Shaping the Earth -- Second Quadrant: Cartography -- CHAPTER THREE: Surveying -- CHAPTER FOUR: Mapmaking -- Third Quadrant: Early Exploration and Navigation -- CHAPTER FIVE: Early Explorers, Basic Tools -- CHAPTER SIX: Europe Discovers the World -- Fourth Quadrant: Navigation in Modern Times -- CHAPTER SEVEN: The Age of Sail and Steam -- CHAPTER EIGHT: The Electronic Age -- CONCLUSION: Nature's Navigators -- Technical Appendix -- Annotated Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.