CONTENTS -- AUTHORS' APPOINTMENTS -- FOREWORD -- 1 POLICY: THE PRINCIPLES OF SERVICE ORGANIZATION AND PRACTICE Paul McArdle and Eilish Gilvarry -- International policies -- Policy in the UK -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 DETERMINANTS OF SUBSTANCE MISUSE Paul McArdle -- References -- 3 DRUG USE IN YOUNG PEOPLE:SHORT-TERM EFFECTS AND LONG-TERM HARMS Dan Lubman, Yvonne Bonomo and Murat Yücel -- Adolescence: a key period of vulnerability -- Alcohol -- Tobacco -- Cannabis -- Inhalants -- Psychostimulants (cocaine, amphetamines) -- Ecstasy -- Opiates -- Benzodiazepines -- Other drugs: GHB, ketamine -- References -- 4 YOUNG PEOPLE, SUBSTANCES AND HARM Mandy Abbott, Fariah Khan and Eilish Gilvarry -- Epidemiology -- Recognition of substance misuse -- Context -- Accidents -- Crime and violence -- Sexual risk -- Route of use -- Mortality -- Comorbidity -- Wider problems -- Other social difficulties -- Breadth of care needed - interdisciplinary, interagency and preventative -- References -- 5 TRENDS IN SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE IN YOUNG PEOPLE Cecilia A Essau and Peter Wennberg -- Methodological issues -- Prevalence of substance use -- Trends in substance use -- Prevalence of substance abuse -- The development from adolescent use to adult abuse -- Summary -- References -- 6 SUBSTANCE USE AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Michael Farrell -- Comorbidity: a galaxy of terminology -- An aetiological and developmental perspective -- Common mental health disorders -- Suicide and self-harm -- Psychosis -- Patterns of drug use and consequences -- Psychiatric disorder as a risk factor for substance use -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UNIVERSALYOUTH SUBSTANCE MISUSE PREVENTION PROGRAMMES David R Foxcroft, Debby Allen and Lindsey Coombes -- Interventions with short-term follow-up (up to 1 year).

Interventions with medium-term follow-up (1-3 years) -- Interventions with long-term follow-up (>3 years) -- Interventions with no evidence of effectiveness -- Intention-to-treat re-analysis -- Main points from the systematic review -- What about drugs? -- Discussion -- References -- 8 PREVENTION OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE:TARGETED APPROACHES Paul McArdle -- Preschool children -- School-aged children -- References -- 9 TREATMENT: COURSE AND OUTCOME Eilish Gilvarry and Giles Hayden -- Research review -- Particular factors associated with outcome -- Natural recovery -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE Sarah Woolrich -- Who is a child? -- The UN Convention -- The European Convention and the Human Rights Act 1998 -- The Children Act 1989 -- Wishes and feelings -- The prevention of harm -- Confidentiality and child protection -- Referral to social services -- Other routes to resolution by a court -- Consent to treatment -- Obtaining consent -- Parental responsibility -- When is application to the court necessary? -- Doubts about capacity -- Children and mental health -- The UK youth justice system -- Drug testing and treatment -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT FOR ADOLESCENTS WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS Oscar G Bukstein and Theresa Lutka-Fedor -- The purpose of assessment -- Comprehensive assessment -- Outcome assessment -- Summary -- References -- 12 ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS AND OUTCOME MEASUREMENT Oscar G Bukstein and Teresa Lutka-Fedor -- Who uses instruments? -- What is a good instrument? -- Screening instruments -- Summary -- References -- 13 BIOLOGICAL MARKERS (DRUGS) Kim Wolff -- Background -- Rationale -- Selecting the biological matrix -- The standard drug testing strategy -- Applications in the clinical setting -- Authenticity.

Identification of passive drug exposure -- Near-patient drug testing (NPT) devices -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT AND THE PAEDIATRIC UNIT Joan Robson -- Management in the emergency department -- Follow-up -- Role of hospital paediatricians -- Roles of community paediatricians and school nurses -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 BRIEF ALCOHOL INTERVENTIONS IN YOUNG PEOPLE: EVIDENCE ANDAPPLICABILITY Malathi Natarajan and Eileen Kaner -- Reducing alcohol-related harm in young people -- Reviewing the evidence -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE WITH SUBSTANCE MISUSE DISORDERS Gillian Tober -- Developmental issues -- Specific therapies and their application to working with young people -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 EMPIRICAL AND CLINICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FAMILY-BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE Howard A Liddle, Cynthia L Rowe and Gayle A Dakof -- Multidimensional Family Therapy for adolescent substance abuse -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OFADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERE Jane Marshall and KAH Mirza -- Pharmacological treatment of SUDs in adults and adolescents -- Pharmacotherapy for comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with alcoholdependence in adults -- Pharmacotherapy for comorbid disorders associated with opioid dependence:evidence from adult studies -- Pharmacotherapy for comorbid disorders associated with cocaine dependence inadults -- Review of treatment studies in adolescents with SUDs -- Guidelines for psychopharmacotherapy in adolescent SUD -- Specific treatment recommendations for comorbid psychiatric disorders inadolescents -- Conclusions -- References -- 19 THE ROLE OF PRIMARY CARE IN MANAGEMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE/ABUSE Clare Gerada -- Primary care organization.

Role of the GP in the care of young drug users -- Presentation -- Engagement -- Treatment -- The role of the primary care nurse -- Primary care and the care of children of drug users -- Responsibilities of the primary care team -- Conclusion -- References -- 20 INTEGRATED TREATMENT OFSUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS ANDCO-OCCURRING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN ADOLESCENTS Robert D Davies and Paula D Riggs -- Integrated treatment recommendations -- Conclusion -- References -- INDEX.