Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part One: Argument Structure -- 1 Overview -- 1.1 Philosophy and Critical Thinking -- 1.2 Autonomy -- 1.3 What Is an Argument? -- 1.4 Premises and Conclusions -- 1.5 Assessing Arguments -- 1.6 Cogency -- 2 Argument Components -- 2.1 Premises and Conclusions -- 2.2 Propositions and Sentences -- 2.3 Inference Indicators -- 2.4 Explanations -- 2.5 Modalities -- 2.6 Suppressed Propositions and Assumptions -- 3 Mapping an Argument -- 3.1 Diagramming -- 3.2 Serial, Convergent, and Linked Arguments -- 3.3 Diagramming Arguments with Missing Propositions -- 3.4 Visual Arguments -- 3.5 Counter-Considerations -- Part Two: Meaning -- 4 Language Use -- 4.1 Euphemism and Doublespeak -- 4.2 Form and Intent -- 4.3 Reading between the Lines -- 4.4 Biases and Vested Interests -- 4.5 Recognizing a Slanted Argument -- 4.6 Weasel Words -- 4.7 Obfuscation -- 4.8 Different Kinds of Disagreement -- 5 Definitions -- 5.1 Verbal Disputes -- 5.2 Purposes of Definition -- 5.3 Types of Definitions -- 5.4 Types of Meaning -- 5.5 Evaluating Genus and Difference Definitions -- Part Three: Truth -- 6 Acceptability Conditions -- 6.1 Truth and Acceptability -- 6.2 A Few Preliminaries -- 6.3 Acceptance Criteria -- 6.4 Rejection Criteria -- Part Four: Logic -- 7 Categorical Logic: Translation -- 7.1 Logic and Validity -- 7.2 Categorical Propositions -- 7.3 Natural Language -- 7.4 Syllogisms -- 7.5 Venn Diagramming -- 8 Categorical Logic: Validity -- 8.1 Testing Validity -- 8.2 Extended Categorical Arguments -- 8.3 More on Translation -- 8.4 A Non-Venn Test for Validity -- 9 Propositional Logic: Translation -- 9.1 Preliminaries -- 9.2 Translation -- 9.3 Truth Values -- 10 Propositional Logic: Validity -- 10.1 Logical Forms -- 10.2 Complex Argument Forms -- 10.3 Proofs -- 10.4 Immediate Inferences -- 10.5 Invalid Forms -- 10.6 Contradiction.

10.7 A Puzzle about Logic -- Part Five: Induction -- 11 Causation and Probability -- 11.1 Inductive Generalizations -- 11.2 Causation -- 11.3 Probabilistic Reasoning -- 12 Science -- 12.1 The Scientific Method -- 12.2 Science and Its Critics -- 13 Arguments by Analogy -- 13.1 Analogical Reasoning -- 13.2 Analogical Argument Form -- 13.3 Appraising Analogical Arguments -- 13.4 Refutation by Logical Analogy -- Part Six: Fallacies -- 14 Fallacies -- 14.1 Problems with Premises -- 14.2 Problems with Relevance -- 14.3 Problems with Sufficiency -- Appendices -- 1 Answers to Select Questions -- 2 A Bad Essay: "Vegetarianism and Moral Duty" -- 3 Hints for Writing Philosophy Papers -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.