Design Rules -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Artifacts, Designs, and the Structure of Industries -- The Microstructure of Designs -- What Is Modularity? -- The Economic System Surrounding Artifacts and Designs -- The Modular Operators -- The Origins of Modularity in Early Computer Designs -- Creating System/360, the First Modular Computer Family -- Enterprise Design: A Task Structure plus a Contract Structure -- Design Options and Design Evolution -- The Value of Modularity- Splitting and Substitution -- All Modules Are Not Created Equal -- The Value of Augmenting and Excluding -- The Value of Inverting and Porting -- The Emergence of Modular Clusters -- Competition among Hidden Modules and Industry Evolution -- Afterword -- Bibliography -- Index.