Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants -- Copyright -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY -- Preface -- Contents -- SUMMARY -- SUBSTANCES EVALUATED -- Old Smoke Formulations -- New Smoke Formulations -- Individual Dye Components -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S TASK -- SMOKES REVIEWED IN THIS REPORT -- Composition of the Colored Smokes -- OLD M18 GRENADES -- NEW M18 GRENADES -- Combustion Chemistry -- Combustion Products -- U.S. ARMY POLICY ON USE OF COLORED SMOKES -- DEFINITIONS OF EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS -- APPROACH FOR RECOMMENDING EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Old Smoke Formulations -- YELLOW-SMOKE FORMULATION -- Composition -- Combustion Products -- Toxicokinetics -- Toxicity of the Smoke Formulation and Its Combustion Products -- Toxicity of Component Dyes -- GREEN-SMOKE FORMULATION -- Composition -- Combustion Products -- Toxicokinetics -- Toxicity of the Smoke Formulation and Its Combustion Products -- Toxicity of Component Dyes -- RED-SMOKE FORMULATION -- Composition -- Combustion Products -- Toxicokinetics -- Toxicity of the Smoke Formulation and Its Combustion Products -- Toxicity of Component Dyes -- VIOLET-SMOKE FORMULATION -- Composition -- Combustion Products -- Toxicokinetics -- Toxicity of the Smoke Formulation and Its Combustion Products -- Toxicity of Component Dyes -- OVERALL EVALUATION OF TOXICITY -- PREVIOUS RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS -- SUBCOMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 New Smoke Formulations -- YELLOW-SMOKE FORMULATION -- Composition -- Combustion Products -- Toxicokinetics -- Toxicity of the Smoke Formulation and Its Combustion Products -- Toxicity of Component Dyes -- GREEN-SMOKE FORMULATION -- Composition -- Combustion Products.

Toxicokinetics -- Toxicity of the Smoke Formulation and Its Combustion Products -- Toxicity of Component Dyes -- RED-SMOKE FORMULATION -- Composition -- Combustion Products -- Toxicokinetics -- Toxicity of the Smoke Formulation and Its Combustion Products -- Toxicity of Component Dyes -- OVERALL EVALUATION OF TOXICITY -- PREVIOUS RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS -- SUBCOMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A Benzanthrone -- BACKGROUND -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Effects in Humans -- Effects in Animals -- ONE-TIME EXPOSURE -- REPEATED EXPOSURE -- CARCINOGENICITY AND MUTAGENICITY -- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix B Vat Yellow 4 -- BACKGROUND -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Effects in Humans -- Effects in Animals -- ONE-TIME EXPOSURE -- CARCINOGENICITY AND MUTAGENICITY -- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix C Solvent Yellow 33 -- BACKGROUND -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Effects in Humans -- DERMAL EXPOSURES -- Effects in Animals -- INHALATION EXPOSURES -- DERMAL EXPOSURES -- ORAL EXPOSURES -- MUTAGENICITY STUDIES -- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix D Solvent Green 3 -- BACKGROUND -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Effects in Humans -- Effects in Animals -- ONE-TIME EXPOSURE -- REPEATED EXPOSURES -- CARCINOGENICITY AND MUTAGENICITY -- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix E Solvent Red 1 -- BACKGROUND -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Effects in Humans -- Effects in Animals -- Mutagenicity -- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix F Disperse Red 9 -- BACKGROUND -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Effects in Humans -- DERMAL EXPOSURE -- Effects in Animals -- INHALATION EXPOSURE -- DERMAL EXPOSURE -- OCULAR EXPOSURE -- ORAL EXPOSURE.

MUTAGENICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY STUDIES -- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix G Disperse Red 11 -- BACKGROUND -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Effects in Humans -- Effects in Animals -- Mutagenicity -- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix H 1,4-Diamino-2,3-Dihydroanthraquinone -- BACKGROUND -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Effects in Humans -- Effects in Animals -- Mutagenicity Studies -- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix I 1,4-Diaminoanthraquinone -- BACKGROUND -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Effects in Humans -- Effects in Animals -- Mutagenicity Studies -- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY -- REFERENCES.