Contraceptive Use and Controlled Fertility -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- The Relationship Between Fertility and Maternal Mortality -- DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENT ISSUES -- Measures -- Sources of Data -- Problems of Measurement -- WORLD PATTERNS -- ASPECTS OF FERTILITY AS RISK FACTORS FOR MATERNAL MORALITY -- Parity/Gravidity -- Interaction Between Age and Gravidity/Parity -- Hospital Studies: Primigravid/Primiparous Women -- Hospital Studies: Multigravid/Multiparous Women -- Short Birth Intervals -- OTHER IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS -- Lack of Antenatal Care -- Distance -- Socioeconomic Status -- Traditional Behavior -- Birth Practices -- Female Circumcision -- CAUSAL PATTERNS OF MORTALITY -- Differences by Area -- ASPECTS OF FERTILITY AND THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH -- Abortion -- Difficult Labor -- Hemorrhage/Anemia -- Hypertensive Disease of Pregnancy -- Infectious Disease -- Hepatitis -- Tuberculosis -- Malaria -- CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX-CONTENTS OF CAUSAL CATEGORIES -- REFERENCES -- Health Effects of Contraception -- INTRODUCTION -- ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES -- Noncontraceptive Benefits -- Adverse Health Effects -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Metabolic Effects -- Neoplastic Diseases -- Other Effects -- INTRAUTERINE DEVICES -- Adverse Health Effects -- BARRIER METHODS -- Condoms -- Spermicides and the Contraceptive Sponge -- Diaphragm with Spermicide -- Cervical Caps -- LONG-ACTING METHODS -- Injectables -- Implants -- TUBAL STERILIZATION -- Sterilization Reversal -- VASECTOMY -- Mortality -- Morbidity -- Long-Term Safety -- Vasectomy Reversal -- REFERENCES -- Mechanisms for the Association of Maternal Age, Parity, and Birth Spacing with Infant Health -- INTRODUCTION -- Overview -- Causes of Infant Deaths -- Low Birthweight and Prematurity -- YOUNG MATERNAL AGE AND PRIMIPARITY -- Effects on Birthweight and Prematurity.

Mother-Fetus Competition for Macronutrients -- Micronutrient Deficiencies -- Infections -- Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension -- Malaria -- Complications of Delivery -- Conclusions -- OLDER MATERNAL AGE AND GRAND MULTIPARITY -- Relative Risks of Poor Pregnancy Outcomes and Infant Deaths -- Congenital Abnormalities -- Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Micronutrient Deficiencies -- Multiple Births -- Complications of Delivery -- Conclusions -- EFFECTS OF SHORT INTERVALS BETWEEN PREGNANCIES -- Effects on Length of Gestation and Birthweight -- Maternal Nutrition and Fetal Growth -- Postpartum Nutrition -- Infectious Diseases -- Maternal Infections -- Increased Postnatal Exposure to Pathogens -- Conclusions -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Psychosocial Consequences to Women of Contraceptive Use and Controlled Fertility -- CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: INDICATORS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS -- PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AND ROLE PERFORMANCE -- CONTRACEPTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS AS POTENTIAL STRESSORS -- Conjugal Roles -- Occupational Roles -- Maternal Roles -- Domestic, Kinship, and Community Roles -- Women as Individuals -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix Background Papers.