MATERIALS AND MAN'S NEEDS -- PREFACE -- MATERIALS AND MAN'S NEEDS -- Contents -- CHAPTER 8 ASPECTS OF MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY ABROAD -- INTRODUCTION -- On Making International Comparisons -- Some Historical Perspectives -- Time Factors in the Diffusion of Technology -- NATIONAL POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY -- Introduction -- National Goals -- National Strategies and Tactics in the Materials Field -- Some Examples of National Policies in Science and Engineering -- United Kingdom -- France -- U.S.S.R. -- Science and the Acceleration of Technical Progress Pravda, March 31, 1970, p. 6 -- The Scope of Research -- Avoid Lost Time -- In Cooperation with Engineers -- From Department to Shop -- Japan -- Some Particular Aspects of National Technological Policy -- The Implications of National Goals for Research Strategies -- NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES FOR RESEARCH -- General Outlines of Administrative Structures -- United Kingdom -- Germany -- France -- U.S.S.R. -- Czechoslovakia -- Japan -- Other Countries -- Centralized or Decentralized Administration? -- Discussion of Administrative Structures in the U.S.S.R. and the U.K. -- U.S.S.R. -- U.K.-The Rothschild-Dainton Debate -- CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF MATERIALS RESEARCH IN THE U.S. -- EDUCATION -- Statistical Information on Scientists and Engineers -- Curricula and Interdisciplinary Education for the Materials Field -- An Interdisciplinary University -- United Kingdom -- Japan -- Education in Materials Science and Engineering -- Solid-State Physics in Japan -- France -- U.S.S.R. -- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- Statistical Information -- Japan -- Promotion of Basic Science -- Promotion of R&D for National Projects -- Organizational Measures for Implementing R&D Programs -- National Research and Development Program.

Recent Trends in Japanese Technology Emphasis -- Recent Trends in Research and Development Expenditures in Japan -- Industrial R&D in Japan -- U.S.S.R. -- Technical Manpower -- Some Aspects of Institutional Research -- Metallurgy -- Solid-State Physics -- Germany -- Support Structure for Research -- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) -- Metallurgical Research in German Industry -- United Kingdom -- Department of Trade and Industry -- Department of Education and Science -- Ministry of Defense -- Science Research Council (SRC) -- Scandinavia -- Denmark -- Finland -- Norway -- Sweden -- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTES: INSTITUTIONAL COUPLING -- General Remarks -- Large Government-Funded Institutes for Initiating Major Civilian Technologies -- Government Research and Development Institutes for Technologies where the Government is the Principa... -- Government-Funded Institutes Directed at Civilian Industries -- Jointly- or Industrially-Supported Research Associations -- Institutes and Research Programs Associated with Universities -- Research Institutions in Smaller Industrialized Countries -- United Kingdom -- Germany -- U.S.S.R. -- Scandinavia -- The Size of Industrial Research and Development Organizations -- TECHNOLOGY ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMS -- General -- Some Specific Mechanisms for Technology Enhancement in Various Countries -- Canada -- France -- Germany -- Japan -- United Kingdom -- Some Broad-Gauge Factors and Policies Affecting Technology Enhancement -- RESULTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES -- Economic Comparisons -- International Trade -- Patterns of Industrial Competitiveness and Technology Diffusion -- Technical Achievements -- A European Success in High Technology-Civilian Nuclear Technology -- A European Failure in High Technology-Electronics -- Metallurgical Technology -- Some Important Metallurgical Discoveries.

Remarks on Nonferrous Metals Technology -- Other Recent Progress Abroad in Metallurgical Process Technology -- Ceramics and Glass -- Float glass (~1958, England) -- Plastics Technology -- Some Important Chemical Discoveries -- Materials Science and Engineering in Electronics -- PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS AROUND THE WORLD -- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION -- Philosophical Background -- More Tangible Incentives for International Cooperation -- International Science Policy -- Themes for Cooperation in the Materials Field -- Organizations and Institutions -- United Nations -- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) -- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) -- European Economic Community (EEC) -- European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) -- Scientific Societies -- U.S.-U.S.S.R. Cooperation -- Some Further Possibilities -- Cooperation with Developing Countries -- Interactions with LDC's Particularly Concerning Materials -- Technological Interactions with LDC's-Example of India -- Korean Institute for Science and Technology-Example of U.S. Aid -- MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS -- Types of Multinational Corporations -- Statements For and Against MC's -- Host Country Attitudes -- Prospects for Multinational Corporations -- Research, Development, and Flow of Technical Information In a High-Technology Multinational Corporation -- Technology Diffusion via High-Technology Multinational Corporations in the Electronics Field -- Technology Transfer via Vertically-Integrated, Multinational Corporations to Developing Countries -- Role of Research and Development -- Some Concluding Remarks Concerning Multinational Corporations -- TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL SPHERE -- International Comparisons of Technological Prowess -- Some General Characteristics of the Innovative System -- Essential Components.

"Technology-Push" versus "Demand-Pull" -- Differences Amongst Industries -- Industrial Structures -- Size of Markets -- Management of Innovation -- Role of Fundamental Research -- Governmental Role in Creating a Climate Favorable to Technological Innovation -- A Study of Success and Failure in Innovation -- Fundamental Features of the Approach -- Nationality of Innovating Organizations -- Pairs Used -- Summary of Main Findings -- A British View of U.S. Technological Leads and Lags -- A U.S. View of U.S. Technological Leads and Lags.