SATELLITE GRAVITY AND THE GEOSPHERE -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Satellite Gravity and the Geosphere -- Executive Summary -- BENEFITS OF A DEDICATED SATELLITE GRAVITY MISSION -- MISSION SCENARIOS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES -- OCEAN DYNAMICS AND HEAT FLUX -- SOLID EARTH PROCESSES -- WATER CYCLING -- SEA-LEVEL RISE AND GLACIOLOGY -- THE DYNAMIC ATMOSPHERE -- A TOOL FOR SCIENCE -- 1 Introduction -- SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW -- THE ATMOSPHERE AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF NOISE FOR TIME-DEPENDENT APPLICATIONS -- HISTORY OF SATELLITE GRAVITY -- "GRAVITY" AS USED IN THIS REPORT -- ORGANIZATION OF REPORT -- 2 Mission Scenarios and Measurement Techniques -- SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS OF THE GRAVITY FIELD -- TRADE-OFFS IN SPACECRAFT MISSION DESIGN -- MISSION SCENARIOS -- GPS -- SST and SSI -- SGG and SGGE -- PREVIOUS STUDIES -- ERROR ESTIMATES FOR MISSION SCENARIOS OF THIS REPORT -- Degree Amplitude Error Spectra -- Precision Versus Resolution -- STANDARD GENERIC MISSIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- 3 The Gravity Field as a Tool For Science -- REFERENCE FRAME (1): THE FOUNDATION FOR MEASURING THE CHANGING EARTH -- REFERENCE FRAME (2): THE GEOID, FLUID CIRCULATION, AND SATELLITEALTIMETRY -- DATA CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION: GIVING OLD DATA NEW VALUE -- CONCLUSIONS -- 4 Ocean Dynamics and Heat Flux -- STATIC FIELD -- TIME-DEPENDENT MEASUREMENTS -- Bottom Pressure and Mass -- Steric Changes -- Accuracy -- CONCLUSIONS -- 5 Solid Earth Processes -- MANTLE CONVECTION AND PLUMES: UNDERSTANDING THE EARTH'S HEAT ENGINE -- POST-GLACIAL REBOUND -- REGIONAL DEFORMATION AND STRUCTURE: THE SURFACE MANIFESTATION OF PLATE TECTONICS -- EARTHQUAKES -- CONCLUSIONS -- 6 Water Cycling -- WATER TRANSFER TO THE ATMOSPHERE -- SOIL MOISTURE INVENTORY -- GRAVITY AND THE GEWEX CONTINENTAL-SCALE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT -- SNOWLOAD AND ASSOCIATED RUNOFF -- AQUIFERS -- CONCLUSIONS.

7 Sea-Level Change -- THERMAL EXPANSION OF THE OCEANS -- ICE MASS BALANCE -- Contributions from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets -- Isostatic Rebound -- Snow-Accumulation Rates -- Atmospheric Pressure -- Complementarity with Satellite Laser Altimetry -- Drainage Systems Within Ice Sheets -- Contributions from Glaciers -- CONCLUSIONS -- 8 The Dynamic Atmosphere: Unraveling the Contributions of the Earth's Subsystems -- CONCLUSIONS -- 9 Conclusions -- Afterword -- Appendix A Spherical Harmonics: Degree Variances, Wavelengths, Upward Continuation, Anomalous Potentials, Signal and Error… -- A.1 SPHERICAL HARMONIC EXPANSIONS OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIALS -- A.2 DEGREE VARIANCES -- A.3 WAVELENGTH RELATED TO HARMONIC DEGREE -- A.4 ATTENUATION WITH ALTITUDE -- A.5 ANOMALOUS POTENTIALS AND "KAULA'S RULE" -- A.6 DEGREE AMPLITUDE SPECTRA -- A.7 ERRORS IN OBSERVABLES RELATED TO ERRORS IN THE GRAVITY FIELD -- A.8 ACCURACY VERSUS RESOLUTION IN GAUSSIAN-WEIGHTED AVERAGES OVER A SPHERICAL CAP -- Appendix B Modeling -- RATIONALE -- CALCULATIONS -- SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS -- Acronyms -- References.