Behavioral and Social Science Fifty Years of Discovery -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION -- UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL CHANGE -- NUMBERS AND DECISIONMAKING -- DISCOVERING THE MIND AT WORK -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL CHANGE -- The Ogburn Vision Fifty Years Later -- READING THE OGBURN COMMITTEE REPORT TODAY -- THE OGBURN VISION OF SOCIAL PROCESS -- SOCIAL CHANGE -- SOCIAL PROBLEMS -- DOCUMENTATION BY OBJECTIVE FACTS -- SOCIAL INVENTION -- APPLICATION BY POLICY CHANGE -- SOCIAL AMELIORATION -- A CONCLUDING NOTE -- References -- Measuring Social Change -- INTRODUCTION -- SOCIAL INVENTIONS -- Major Social Inventions and Their Consequences -- Human Testing -- Sample Surveys -- Reduction of Cultural Lags -- Statistics and Quality Control -- Cohort Analysis -- CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE FOR MEASURES AND MEASUREMENT -- Concepts and Measures as Products of Social Life -- Social Change and the Organization of Ways of Knowing -- The Paradox of Method -- Consequences of Institutionalizing Measures of Changes -- Some Consequences of the Organization of Statistical Indicators -- THE CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL CHANGE -- Individualistic Biases in Studying Social Change -- Lags in Measuring Social Change -- Need for an National Statistical System -- A SUMMING UP -- References -- Uncertainty, Diversity, and Organizational Change -- CENTRALITY OF ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES IN LARGE-SCALE SOCIAL CHANGE -- Rational and Natural System Perspectives -- Perspectives On Organizational Change -- An Ecological-Evolutionary Approach -- Organizational Diversity -- NICHE THEORY -- INSTITUTIONAL ISOMORPHISM -- DISCUSSION -- Macroeconomic Modeling and Forecasting -- ORIGINS OF THE SUBJECT -- A PERIOD OF EXPANSION -- CONTRIBUTION TO THOUGHT -- SOME NEW LINES OF DEVELOPMENT -- References -- NUMBERS AND DECISIONMAKING.

Public Statistics and Democratic Politics -- DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY -- REPRESENTATION OF DIVERSE INTERESTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Deterrence in Criminology and Social Policy -- INTRODUCTION -- TWO FUNDAMENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIMINAL CONDUCT -- STREET CRIMES -- Certainty of Punishment -- Severity of Punishment -- The Death Penalty -- Other Punishments -- Summary -- DRUNK DRIVING -- Certainty of Punishment -- Scandinavian-Type Laws -- Enforcement Crackdowns -- Severity of Punishment -- Statutory Changes -- Judicial Crackdowns -- Summary -- RESEARCH AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- The Continued Reliance On Deterrence -- The Prospect For Increased Certainty -- Alternatives To Deterrence -- References -- Choices, Values, and Frames -- RISKY CHOICE -- Framing of Outcomes -- The Psychophysics of Chances -- Formulation Effects -- TRANSACTIONS AND TRADES -- Losses and Costs -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- DISCOVERING THE MIND AT WORK -- Changing Views of Cognitive Competence in the Young -- THEORETICAL BACKGROUND -- STUDYING INFANT KNOWLEDGE -- Early Knowledge of Objects -- Abstract Concepts -- Summary -- PRESCHOOL THOUGHT -- Principles About Numbers, Causes, and Objects -- Number -- Causality -- Objects -- Making Plans and Strategies -- Strategies for Remembering -- Theory-building -- Summary -- THE TRANSITION TO FORMAL SCHOOLING -- Incomplete Knowledge -- The Expansion of Strategic Powers -- Formal and Informal Teaching -- Learned Academic Helplessness -- Reawakening the Active Learner -- Summary -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Some Developments in Research On Language Behavior -- INTRODUCTION -- The Structure of Language -- Three Areas of Applied Research in Language -- THE GENERATIVE REVOLUTION IN LINGUISTICS -- Acoustic Phonetics -- AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE -- BRAIN SPECIALIZATION FOR LANGUAGE.

Evidence from Studies of Aphasia -- Evidence from Split-Brain Studies -- Evidence From Studies of Asl "Aphasia" -- LANGUAGE ACQUISITION -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Visual Perception of Real and Represented Objects and Events -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PRE-1850S: ARTISTS, PHILOSOPHERS, AND PHYSICISTS -- PSYCHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY FROM 1850-1950 -- THE 1950S AND AFTER: "DIRECT" SENSITIVITY TO OBJECT ATTRIBUTES -- The Evidence For Perceptual Rules Rather Than Lookup Tables -- The Doctrine That Event Perception Is Both Fundamental and Veridical -- COMPUTERS AND PERCEPTUAL PSYCHOLOGY -- Obtaining Data -- Modeling Theories and Explanations -- Embodying Perceptual Functions -- The Computer As An Analogy To Perception -- Computer Science in Perceptual Psychology Research -- Why Models of Human Perception Are Needed -- MENTAL STRUCTURE IN OBJECT PERCEPTION AND REPRESENTATION -- References.