Physics through the 1990s -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction and Executive Summary -- GENERAL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Findings -- Recommendations -- INTRODUCTION -- The Emergence of Plasma Physics -- Classification of Plasmas -- Fluid Physics -- PRINCIPAL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- General Plasma Physics -- Fusion Plasma Confinement and Heating -- MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT -- INERTIAL CONFINEMENT -- Space and Astrophysical Plasmas -- Fluid Physics -- RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND FUTURE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -- General Plasma Physics -- Significant Recent Accomplishments -- Future Research Opportunities -- Fusion Plasma Confinement and Heating -- Significant Recent Accomplishments-Magnetic Confinement -- Future Research Opportunities-Magnetic Confinement -- Significant Recent Accomplishments-Inertial Confinement -- Future Research Opportunities-Inertial Confinement -- Space and Astrophysical Plasmas -- Significant Recent Accomplishments -- Future Research Opportunities -- Fluid Physics -- Significant Recent Accomplishments -- Future Research Opportunities -- FUNDING AND MANPOWER RESOURCES -- INSTITUTIONAL INVOLVEMENT -- General Plasma Physics -- Plasma Confinement and Heating -- Space and Astrophysical Plasmas -- Fluid Physics -- 2 Fluid Physics -- INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW -- SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN FLUID PHYSICS -- Significant Recent Accomplishments -- Significant Research Opportunities -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Principal Findings -- Support Structure -- Computational Techniques -- Instrumentation Techniques -- Education -- Principal Recommendations -- Research Support -- Education -- GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, MANPOWER, AND UNIVERSITY RESEARCH -- DETAILED REVIEW OF THE BRANCHES, SELECTED TOPICAL SUBJECT AREAS, AND TECHNICAL DISCIPLINES OF FLUID-PHYSICS RESEARCH -- Branches of Fluid Physics.

Combustion and Reacting Flows -- Non-Newtonian Fluids and Rheology -- Vortex-Dominated Flows -- Disturbance of Initially Rotational Fields -- Vortex Fields Generated by Highly Loaded Wings and Bodies -- Geophysical Flows -- Contained Vortices -- High-Speed Flows -- Molecular and Statistical Phenomena -- Viscosity-Dominated Flows -- Stability -- Turbulence -- Buoyancy-Driven Motion -- Convection in Nature -- Suspended Particles -- Gravity Currents -- Convection in Materials Processes -- Interface Phenomena -- Deformation and Breakup of Small Drops in Shear Flows -- Breaking of Waves -- Sediment Transport -- Solitons -- Spreading of Liquids on Solid Surfaces -- Air-Sea Interaction -- Sound Generation and Propagation -- Radiation Hydrodynamics -- Porous Media -- Rotating Phenomena -- Turbomachinery Flows -- The Circulation of the Atmosphere and Oceans -- Phase Change -- Technological Applications -- Nonequilibrium Evaporation and Condensation -- Geophysical Flows -- Topical Subject Areas -- Aerodynamics -- Biofluid Dynamics -- Flows of Electrically Conducting Fluids -- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics -- Multiphase Flows -- Technical Disciplines -- Modeling and Analytical Methods -- Computational Fluid Dynamics -- Experimental Methods -- Instrumentation -- Flow Facilities -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 3 General Plasma Physics -- SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF GENERAL PLASMA PHYSICS -- INTENSE BEAMS-ELECTRONS, IONS, AND PHOTONS -- Development of Low-Impedance Multiterawatt Machines -- Intense Ion Beams -- Development of High-Energy, High-Current Machines -- Z-Pinch X-Ray Sources -- Propagation of Charged-Particle Beams in Gas and Plasma -- Expectations and Recommendations for the next 10 Years -- COLLECTIVE ACCELERATORS -- Space-Charge Accelerators -- Wave Accelerators -- Electron-Ring Accelerators -- Collective Focusing Accelerators -- LASER-DRIVEN ACCELERATORS.

Beat-Wave Accelerator -- Inverse Free-Electron-Laser Accelerator -- Grating Accelerator -- High-Gradient Structures -- Inverse Cerenkov Accelerator -- Cyclotron Resonant Accelerator -- Problem Areas -- Recommendations for the Next 10 Years -- COHERENT, FREE-ELECTRON RADIATION SOURCES -- ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE-PLASMA INTERACTION -- Scattering and Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves by Plasmas -- Isotope Separation -- NONLINEAR PHENOMENA IN PLASMAS -- Chaos in Hamiltonian Systems -- Soliton and Related Phenomena -- Strong Langmuir Turbulence -- Parametric Instabilities -- Magnetic Reconnection -- Turbulent Relaxation to Force-Free States -- Other Major Achievements in the Past Decade -- PLASMA THEORY DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT -- Magnetic-Flux Geometries and Coordinate Systems -- Single-Particle Orbits -- Coulomb Collisional Processes -- Macroscopic Equilibria -- Macroscopic Instabilities-Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics -- Macroscopic Instabilities-Resistive Magnetohydrodynamics -- Microscopic (Kinetic) Instabilities and Turbulent Transport -- Summary -- ATOMIC PHYSICS IN (AND FOR) PLASMAS -- Recent Progress -- Outstanding Research Problems -- Recommendations -- Training -- Funding Levels -- Recommended Funding Levels -- PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS -- Laser Scattering -- Microwave Interferometry -- Spectroscopy -- Charge Exchange -- Neutrons and Alpha Particles -- Blackbody and Plasma-Well Interactions -- Heavy-Ion Diagnostics -- Time-Resolved Plasma Activity -- Scattering from Collective Fluctuations -- Data Acquisition and Instrumentation -- Desiderata -- STRONGLY COUPLED PLASMA PHYSICS -- History -- Recent Progress -- Outlook for the Next 10 Years -- NONNEUTRAL PLASMAS -- 4 Fusion Plasma Confinement and Heating -- SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF FUSION PLASMA RESEARCH -- Introduction -- The Fusion Process -- Magnetic Confinement -- Inertial Confinement.

TOKAMAK AND STELLARATOR MAGNETIC-CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS -- Introduction -- Major Advances -- Optimization of Experimental Performance -- Confinement -- Stability and Beta Limits -- Current Frontiers of Research -- Prospects for Future Advances -- MAGNETIC MIRROR SYSTEMS -- Introduction -- Major Advances-the Tandem Mirror -- Current Frontiers of Research -- Microstability -- Axial Confinement: Control of the Potential Profile and Thermal Barriers -- Macrostability: Equilibrium and Beta Limits -- Radial Confinement: Particle Transport and Radial Potential Control -- Prospects for Future Advances in Mirror Confinement -- ELMO BUMPY TORUS -- Introduction -- Major Advances -- Current Frontiers of Research -- Prospects for Future Advances -- REVERSED-FIELD PINCH -- Introduction -- Major Advances -- Current Frontiers of Research -- Prospects for Future Advances -- COMPACT TOROIDS -- Introduction -- Major Advances -- Spheromaks -- Field-Reversed Configurations -- Current Frontiers of Research -- PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE ADVANCES -- PLASMA HEATING -- Introduction -- Radio-Frequency Heating -- Major Advances: Theory -- Major Advances: Experiment -- Prospects for Future Advances -- Radio-Frequency Current Drive -- Major Advances: Theory -- Major Advances: Experiment -- Prospects for Future Advances -- Neutral-Beam Heating -- Major Advances -- Prospects For Future Advances -- INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT FUSION SYSTEMS -- Introduction -- Major Advances -- Drivers For Inertial-Confinement Fusion -- Laser-Target Physics -- Current Frontiers of Research -- Laser-Plasma Coupling -- Heat Transport and Ablation -- Shell Acceleration, Uniformity, and Hydrodynamic Instabilities -- Prospects for Future Advances -- ADVANCED FUSION APPLICATIONS -- FUNDING OF FUSION PLASMA RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES -- PRINCIPAL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Magnetic Confinement.

Inertial Confinement -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 5 Space And Astrophysical Plasmas -- PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS -- PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LABORATORY, SPACE, AND ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMA RESEARCH -- Definition of Space and Astrophysical Plasma Physics -- Relationship Between Laboratory and Space Plasma Physics -- Relationship Between Space and Astrophysical Plasma Research -- Magnetohydrodynamic Atmospheres and Winds -- Planetary and Astrophysical Magnetospheres -- Magnetic-Field Reconnection -- Particle Acceleration and Cosmic Rays -- The Unifying Physical Problems -- SPACE AND ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMA PHYSICS IN THE PAST 10 YEARS -- Problem 3: The Behavior of Large-Scale Plasma Flows -- Planetary Magnetospheres -- Dynamics of the Earth's Magnetosphere -- Magnetohydrodynamic Structures in the Sun's Atmosphere and in the Solar Wind -- Magnetospheres of Neutron Stars -- Magnetohydrodynamic Jets -- General Relativistic Electrodynamics -- Problem 1: Reconnection -- Problem 2: Interaction of Turbulence with Magnetic Fields -- Problem 4: Acceleration of Energetic Particles -- Problem 5: Particle Confinement and Transport -- Problem 6: Collisionless Shocks -- Problem 7: Beam-Plasma Interactions, and the Generation of Radio Emissions -- Problem 8: Interactions Between Plasmas and Neutral Gases -- SPACE AND ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMA PHYSICS IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS -- IMPACT OF RESEARCH ON SPACE AND ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMAS -- THE ROLE OF SPACE AND GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS -- Solar-System Plasma Physics -- Astrophysical Plasma Physics -- In Situ Measurements near the Sun -- Concluding Remarks -- THE ROLES OF LABORATORY AND ACTIVE SPACE EXPERIMENTS -- Laboratory Experiments -- Active Space Experiments -- THE ROLE OF THEORY -- Space Plasma Theory -- Theoretical Astrophysics -- THE ROLE OF NUMERICAL MODELS AND SIMULATIONS.

Why Quantitative Models Are Essential.