Drinking Water and Health -- Copyright -- List of Participants -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Executive Summary -- 2 Disinfection Methods and Efficacy -- CURRENT PRACTICES -- Collection -- Treatment -- Distribution -- CHLORINATION -- ALTERNATIVE METHODS -- Ozone -- Chlorine Dioxide -- Chloramination -- WATERBORNE PATHOGENS -- Giardia -- Viruses -- REFERENCES -- 3 Chemistry and Toxicity of Disinfection -- CHLORINATION -- Reactions and By-Products of Chlorination -- Model Compound Studies -- Isolated Acids -- Isolated Bases -- Scheme I -- Scheme II -- Chlorination Toxicity -- Toxicity of Concentrated Drinking Water -- Toxicity of Fractionated Drinking Water Concentrates -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES -- Correlational Studies -- Erie County, New York -- Massachusetts -- Iowa -- Mortality Case-Control Studies -- Illinois -- Wisconsin -- Louisiana -- New York -- Massachusetts -- Case-Control Studies Using Personal Interview -- North Carolina -- Wisconsin -- National Bladder Cancer Study -- Groups at Increased Risk -- ALTERNATIVE METHODS -- Chloramination -- Chloramine Analysis -- Organic Nitrogen Compounds -- Chlorine Dioxide and Ozonation -- Use Patterns of Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide -- OXIDATION PROCESSES -- REFERENCES -- 4 Chemistry and Toxicity of Selected Disinfectants and By-Products -- CHLORINE -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- CHLORINE DIOXIDE -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Teratogenicity -- Other Effects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- CHLORAMINES -- Monochloramine -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Observations in Humans -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects.

Chronic Effects -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Teratogenicity -- Other Effects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- CHLORITE -- Sodium chlorite -- CHLORATE -- Sodium chlorate, Atlacide -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects -- Chronic Effects -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Developmental Effects -- Reproductive Effects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- TRIHALOMETHANES -- Chloroform -- Dibromochloromethane -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects -- Chronic Effects -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- HALOACIDS -- Dichloroacetic Acid -- Trichloroacetic Acid -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Neurotoxic Effects -- Reproductive Effects -- Other Effects -- Conclusions And Recommendations -- HALOALDEHYDES -- Chloroacetaldehyde -- Dichloroacetaldehyde -- Trichloroacetaldehyde, Chloral -- Metabolism -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects -- Chronic Effects -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Teratogenicity -- Other Related Substances -- Summary and Conclusions -- HALOKETONES -- 1, 1, 1-Trichloroacetone -- 1, 1, 3, 3-Tetrachloroacetone -- Hexachloroacetone -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Chronic Effects -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Reproductive Effects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- HALOACETONITRILES -- Dichloroacetonitrile -- Trichloroacetonitrile, Trichloromethylnitrile, Tritox, Trichloromethyl cyanide -- Bromochloroacetonitrile.

Dibromoacetonitrile -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects -- Reproductive Effects -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- CHLOROPICRIN -- Nitrotrichloromethane, Trichloronitromethane, Nitrochloroform -- Chemistry and Environmental Fate -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects -- Chronic Effects -- Carcinogenicity -- Mutagenicity -- Reproductive Effects -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- CHLOROPHENOLS -- Monochlorophenols -- 2-Chlorophenol, o-Chlorophenol -- Dichlorophenols -- 2, 4-Dichlorophenol -- Trichlorophenols -- 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, Dowicide 2S -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Acute Effects -- Subchronic Effects -- Chronic Effects -- Reproductive Effects -- Mutagenicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Summary and Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- Chlorine -- Chlorine Dioxide -- Chloramines -- Chlorite and Chlorate -- Chloroform and Dibromochloromethane -- Haloacids -- Haloaldehydes -- Haloketones -- Haloacetonitriles -- Chloropicrin -- Chlorophenols -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- DISINFECTION METHODS AND EFFICACY -- CHEMISTRY AND TOXICITY OF DISINFECTION -- Reactions and By-Products -- Toxicity -- Epidemiology -- Index.