CREW SIZE AND MARITIME SAFETY -- Copyright -- DEDICATION -- Preface -- ORIGIN OF THE STUDY -- SCOPE OF THE STUDY -- STUDY METHODS -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- WHAT ARE THE SAFETY CONCERNS? -- WHAT IS THE SAFETY RECORD? -- ARE THERE HUMAN FACTORS CONCERNS? HOW CAN THEY BE MANAGED? -- HOW SHOULD SAFE CREW LEVELS BE ESTABLISHED? -- DO U.S. MANNING LAWS NEED TO BE MODERNIZED? -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- SAFETY CONCERNS -- MANNING REDUCTIONS IN THE WORLD'S FLEETS, 1950S-1980S -- The First Generation -- Progress Toward the Unattended Engine Room -- Automated Boiler Controls -- The Unattended Engine Room -- Innovations in the Deck Department -- Elimination of the Relief Person on Navigation Watches -- Mechanization of the Deck -- Containerization of Cargo -- Technology in the Steward's Department -- The Maintenance Department Aboard U.S.-Flag Vessels: Response to a Regulatory Impasse -- State of the Art and the Decade Ahead -- West Germany -- Japan -- The Netherlands -- Two Models for Manning Innovation -- MAKING THE BEST USE OF TECHNOLOGY -- The Need for a Systems Approach to Manning Assessments -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 2 Safety Experience with Smaller Crews -- THE PROBLEM OF QUANTIFYING MARITIME SAFETY -- Lack of Reliable Data -- Improving the Collection of Data -- INDUSTRY SAFETY INFORMATION -- Lloyd's Vessel Loss Data -- Marine Index Bureau Injury Data -- Tanker Casualty Data -- U.S. Coast Guard Annual Casualty Reports -- Oil Spill Data -- Individual Company Data -- Safety Implications of Available Data -- SAFETY CONCERNS -- Labor Organizations -- Vessel Operators -- Specific Safety Concerns -- Fatigue -- Maintenance Practices -- Emergency Response Capacity -- Reduced Training Opportunities for Unlicensed Personnel -- Service Continuity by Crew Members -- Physical Demands on Crew Members.

Changed Shipboard Social Conditions -- FURTHER RESEARCH -- FINDINGS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Managing the Human Factors Aspects of Change -- HUMAN FACTORS REQUIRING PARTICULAR ATTENTION -- Work Hours and Fatigue -- Standard Watch Rotations and Fatigue -- The Impact of Automation -- Integrated Bridge Systems -- Single-Handed Bridge Operation -- Deck and Engine Room Automation -- Sociological Impacts -- Drug and Alcohol Abuse -- Adequacy of Coast Guard Human Factors Analyses -- MANAGING THE HUMAN FACTORS ASPECTS OF CHANGE -- Fatigue and Boredom -- Excessive Workload -- Shipboard Living Conditions -- Drug and Alcohol Abuse -- Adequacy of Coast Guard Human Factors Tools -- Certification -- Accident Investigation -- TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION OF SKILLS FOR SHIPS OF THE FUTURE -- Training and Licensing Programs of Advanced Shipping Nations -- Japan -- The Federal Republic of Germany -- The Netherlands -- Training in the United States -- Officer Training -- Training of Unlicensed Crew Members -- Certifying Skills for the Ship of the Future -- AN EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION -- FINDINGS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Establishing Safe Crew Levels -- U.S. COAST GUARD CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES -- Regulatory Procedures -- Manning Reductions to Date -- Deck Department -- Engine Department -- Maintenance Departments -- Future Manning Reductions -- A FUNCTIONAL MODEL FOR ASSESSING CREW LEVELS -- Shipboard Task Analysis -- The Committee's Functional Model -- Description of the Model -- Emergency Conditions -- Operating Conditions Affecting Manning -- Evaluation of the Model -- American President Lines C-9 Container Ship Study -- Exxon Mixed Product Tanker Study -- The Model's Utility -- Limitations of the Model -- FINDINGS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Legal and Regulatory Issues -- SHIPPING AND CIVIL AVIATION: CONTRASTING REGULATORY POLICIES.

THE STATUTORY BASIS FOR MANNING REGULATION -- Key Provisions of the Manning Statutes -- Watch-standing Requirements -- Work Assignment Restrictions -- Limitation of Hours of Work -- THE NEED TO MODERNIZE SAFETY REGULATION OF VESSELS -- The Maintenance Department: A Regulatory Makeshift -- THE INTERNATIONAL MANNING REGIME -- International Agreements Affecting Manning -- International Maritime Organization -- International Labour Organisation -- Port State Control of Foreign-Flag Manning Practices -- FINDINGS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- SAFETY EXPERIENCE WITH SMALLER CREWS -- TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION -- HUMAN FACTORS AND SAFETY CERTIFICATION -- TRAINING AND LICENSING -- LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES -- Appendix A Biographies of Committee Members -- Appendix B Survey of Classification Societies and Foreign Governments -- RESULTS OF SURVEY -- SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES -- Reply from International Maritime Organization -- Replies from Classification Societies -- Replies from National Authorities -- Appendix C Information from Labor Unions -- Presenters -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Appendix D Maritime Management Perspectives -- PERSONNEL -- VESSEL DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT -- OPERATIONS -- SAFETY EXPERIENCE -- EXTERNALITIES -- Appendix E Previous Research on Shipboard Task Analysis -- REFERENCES -- Appendix F Vessel Manning: New Applications for Old Statutes -- I. BACKGROUND -- A. Watch-standing Requirements -- B. Work Assignment Restrictions -- C. The Work-hour Limitation -- II. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: MAINTENANCEPERSONS AND MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENTS -- III. CONTINUING PROBLEMS -- CONCLUSION -- LAWS AND RULES CONCERNING VESSEL MANNING -- Index.