A Risk-Management STRATEGY for PCB-Contaminated Sediments -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- BACKGROUND -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH -- MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- DISCUSSION -- 1 Introduction -- OVERVIEW OF PCBS IN SEDIMENTS -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH -- REPORT ORGANIZATION -- REFERENCE -- 2 PCBs in the Environment -- DEFINING PCBS -- History of PCBs -- DISTRIBUTION AND DYNAMICS OF PCBS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- POTENTIAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS -- TOXICITY OF PCBS -- Mode of Action -- Potential Human Health Effects of PCBs -- The Potential Ecological Impacts of PCBs -- WEATHERING OF PCBS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 The Framework -- RISK-MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK -- RATIONALE FOR AND ADVANTAGES OF THE FRAMEWORK -- OUTLINE OF THE RISK-MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Community Involvement -- SPECIFIC COMMUNITY CONCERNS -- DEFINING THE COMMUNITY -- "Stakeholders" Versus "Affected Parties" -- The Need for Community Involvement -- Benefits of Community Involvement -- INVOLVING THE COMMUNITY -- Build a Working Relationship with the Community -- Establish Trust and Respect Between All Parties -- Involve the Community As a Respected Partner -- Empowerment -- Communication -- Commitment -- Process Transparency -- COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND EDUCATION -- THE ROLE OF REGULATORY AGENCIES -- MECHANISMS FOR INVOLVING THE COMMUNITY -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Defining the Problem and Setting Management Goals -- DEFINING THE PROBLEM -- Public-Health Problems -- Ecological Problems -- Social Impacts -- Cultural Impacts -- Economic Impacts -- SITE ASSESSMENT -- Sources of PCBs -- Characterization of Present Contamination -- Co-contaminants -- SETTING RISK-MANAGEMENT GOALS.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Analyzing Risks -- ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT -- PROBLEM FORMULATION -- ANALYSIS PHASE -- PCB Exposure Assessment -- Field Monitoring -- Accumulation of PCBs in Sediments -- Accumulation of PCBs in Benthic Organisms and Fish -- PCB Exposure Models -- Hydrodynamic Transport -- Sediment Transport -- Organic Carbon -- PCB Transport and Fate -- PCB Bioaccumulation -- Summary of Exposure Modeling Results -- PCB Effects Assessment -- Congener-Specific Exposure and Effects -- Toxicity Equivalent Values -- Biota-Sediment-Accumulation-Factor Values -- Effects of PCBs on Wildlife -- Toxicity Results for Lower Trophic Organisms -- Toxicity Results for Fish -- Toxicity Results for Birds -- Toxicity Results for Nonhuman Mammals -- Summary of Effects in Wildlife -- Human Health Effects from PCBs -- Cancer -- Limitations of Human Health Risk Assessments for PCBs -- RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Ecological Risk from Chemical Exposure -- Human Risk from Chemical Exposure -- Uncertainty -- Summary of Risk Characterization -- ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL IMPACTS -- COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Assessing Management Options -- IDENTIFYING OPTIONS -- EVALUATING MANAGEMENT OPTIONS -- Component Technologies of Sediment Management Options -- Socioeconomic Options -- Institutional Controls -- Offsets -- Source Control -- Natural Attenuation -- Natural Attenuation by Biodegradation -- Natural Attenuation by Sedimentation -- In Situ Treatment Options -- Removal Technologies -- Sediment Removal Via Dredging -- Hydraulic and Mechanical Dredging -- Controls on Sediment Resuspension Losses -- Dry Excavation -- Summary of Removal Technologies -- Pretreatment Technologies -- Treatment and Disposal Technologies -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Making Decisions.

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS -- Regulatory Overlap -- Regulatory Constraints -- COMPARATIVE DECISION-MAKING -- The RI/FS Process at EPA -- Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness -- Risk Ranking -- Risk Tradeoffs -- Decision Analysis -- FRAMEWORK CONSIDERATIONS -- FACILITATING THE PROCESS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Implementing the Strategy -- PROJECT PLAN -- SOURCE CONTROL -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Evaluating Results -- FRAMEWORK GUIDANCE -- REVIEWS OF EVALUATIONS OF REMEDIAL ACTIONS -- ASSESSMENT MONITORING -- General Motors, Massena, New York -- Turbidity Monitoring Results -- Water-Column Monitoring Results -- Temporary Water-Treatment Sampling -- Drinking-Water-Intake Sampling -- Air Monitoring -- Monitoring After Sediment-Removal Operations -- New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts -- Manistique River and Harbor, Michigan -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Appendixes -- Appendix A Biographical Information on the Committee on Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments -- Appendix B Participants at Public Sessions -- Appendix C Public Access Materials -- Appendix D Case Studies -- ST. PAUL WATERWAY PROBLEM AREA TACOMA, WASHINGTON -- Background -- Strategy Chosen -- Overall Assessment -- Lessons Learned -- ASARCO TACOMA SMELTER -- Lessons Learned -- KODAK COMPANY FACILITY -- Initial Actions Taken -- 12 Years Later -- The Bottom Line -- THE PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND REGIONAL CITIZENS' ADVISORY COUNCIL (RCAC) -- REFERENCES -- Appendix E PCB Biodegradation -- Aerobic Biotransformation -- Anaerobic Biotransformation -- Factors Affecting Transformation Rates -- Combined Anaerobic and Aerobic Biodegradation -- REFERENCES -- Appendix F Methods of Analysis of PCBs in Sediments, Water, and Biota -- METHODS OF QUANTIFICATION -- Gas-Chromatography-Based Methods -- Aroclor Method of PCB Quantification.

Detection Limits and Method Performance -- Cost -- Implications of Aroclor Analysis in Risk Assessment -- Accepted Methods for Aroclor-Based Analysis -- Congener-Specific Analysis of PCBs -- Detection Limits and Method Performance: -- Data Summing -- Costs -- Implications of Congener-Specific Analysis in Risk Assessments: -- Accepted Methods for Congener-Based Analysis -- BIOLOGICALLY BASED METHODS -- Immunoassay Methods -- Cell Bioassays-H4IIE Cells -- Sample Extraction Methods -- Cleanup Procedures -- REFERENCES -- Appendix G Toxicity of PCBs -- TOXIC EFFECTS OF PCBS -- AhR-Mediated Effects -- Non-AhR-Mediated Effects -- TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS -- Mammalian TEFs -- Teleost TEFs -- Avian TEFs -- Application of the TEF Approach -- Limitations of TEF Approach -- Interactive Effects of PCBs -- Specificity of TEFs -- Presence of Non-AhR-Mediated Effects -- Toxicokinetics -- Dose-Response Relationships -- Extrapolation of Dose Ranges and Routes of Exposure -- TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES -- Fish Effect-Based Data -- Avian Effect-Based Data -- Aquatic Mammal Effect-Based Data -- Uncertainties -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendations for Selection of Toxicity Reference Values -- Benthic Invertebrate and Other Lower Trophic Level Biota -- Fish -- Birds -- Aquatic Mammals -- REFERENCES -- Appendix H Nomenclature of PCBs.