PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA -- Contents -- Genetics and the origin of species: An introduction -- Darwin to Dobzhansky -- A Man for All Seasons -- Genetic Variation and Its Origins -- Adaptation and Natural Selection -- Population Differentiation and Speciation -- Patterns of Evolution -- Origin of Genes -- Intron Phase Predictions -- Introns Correlate with Protein Structure -- DISCUSSION -- Issues of Selection and Adaptation -- CONCLUSION -- Transposable elements as sources of variation in animals and plants -- Distribution and Classification -- Types of TE-Induced Genetic Variation -- Evolutionary Considerations -- TEs as Genomic Parasites -- Coadaptations to Mitigate Reduced Host Fitness -- TE-Induced Characters Having Benefit to the Host -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Long term trends in the evolution of H(3) HA1 human influenza type A -- DATA, DEFINITIONS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- Genes, peoples, and languages -- Genetic Dating of Population Separations -- Geographic Versus Historic Analysis -- Genetic and Linguistic Evolution -- DNA variation at the Sod locus of Drosophila melanogaster: An unfolding story of natural selection -- The Initial Survey -- Sequence Variation at Linked Regions -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Neutral behavior of shared polymorphism -- Expected Persistence of Neutral Shared Polymorphism -- Loss of Shared Polymorphic Sites Over Time -- Number of Shared Polymorphic Sites Expected at Steady State -- The Neutral Coalescent and Shared Polymorphism -- Discussion -- Divergent and conserved features in the spatial expression of the Drosophila pseudoobscura esterase-5B gene and the… -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- A demographic approach to selection -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- ANALYSIS AND RESULTS -- DISCUSSION.

Phylogenetics and the origin of species -- Assortative fertilization in Drosophila -- Interspecific Assortative Fertilisation in Drosophila -- Intraspecific Assortative Fertilization in Drosophila -- Mechanisms -- Origins and Implications for Population Differentiation and Reproductive Isolation -- Incipient species formation in salmanders of the Ensatina complex -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- Genetics and the origin of bird species -- Speciation in Birds -- A Model of Allopatric Speciation -- Evidence from Field Studies of Darwin's Finches -- Reproductive Isolation -- Inheritance of Traits that Isolate the Species -- Evolution of Prezygotic Isolation: Reinforcement -- Evolution of Premating Isolating Factors in Allopatry -- Allopatric Divergence -- Sufficient Allopatric Divergence for the Establishment of Sympatry -- When does a Species become Two? -- Avian Speciation in General -- Genetic Changes in Plumage and Courtship Behavior -- Genetic Changes During Speciation -- The Prevalence and Potential Importance of Hybridization -- Geography and Demography of Speciation on Continents -- Completion of Speciation -- General Trends: Six Rules of Avian Speciation -- Vagaries of the molecular clock -- Evolution of Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GPDH) in Diptera -- Evolution of SOD in Diptera -- Global Rates of GPDH and SOD Evolution: Reversed Patterns -- Fixing the Clocks -- Discussion -- Evolution of codon usage bias in Drosophila -- Levels and Patterns of Codon Usage in Drosophila -- Causes -- Effects of Codon Usage Bias on DNA Evolution -- Conclusions -- The evolution of plant nuclear genes -- Evolution of the rbcS Multigene Family -- Evolution of Genes in the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway -- The Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Family -- Rates of Duplication and Loss Among Gene Families -- Evolution of Plant Transposable Elements.

Conclusions -- Evolution by the birth-and-death process in multigene families of the vertebrate immune system -- EVOLUTION OF MHC GENES -- EVOLUTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES -- DISCUSSION.