FrontMatter -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fundamental Questions of Global Change -- 3 Fundamental Questions of Scientific Discovery -- 4 Opportunities to Enhance Research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean -- 5 Future Directions in Antarctic and Southern Ocean Science -- References -- Appendix A: Statement of Task -- Appendix B: Summary of Online Questionnaire Results -- Appendix C: Promising Technologies for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Science -- Appendix D: Icebreaking Polar Research Vessels and Heavy Icebreakers -- Appendix E: Components of an Antarctic and Southern Ocean Observing System -- Appendix F: Acronyms -- Appendix G: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.