Contents -- Introduction -- 1. The Diversity of Wars -- 2. The Nuclear Peril -- The Risk of a Nuclear War -- The Destructive Power of Nuclear Weapons -- The Nuclear Arms Race -- 3. Other Weapons of Mass Destruction -- Chemical Warfare -- Biological Warfare -- Radiological Warfare ( Dirty Bombs) -- Information Technology Warfare -- 4. Conventional Weapons -- 5. Causes of War and the Role of Weapons -- Causes of War -- The Role of Weapons -- 6. The Political System and its Leaders -- The Institution of Nation- States -- Totalitarianism Versus Democracy -- The Role of Political Leaders -- Clandestine Political Action -- Autonomy of Groups Within States -- Terrorism -- 7. Culture and Tradition -- Cultural Factors Related to Violence -- Ethnicity -- Religion -- Other Ideological Issues -- Retribution -- 8. Resources: Territory and the Environment -- 9. Economic Factors: Globalization and Poverty -- Globalization -- Poverty -- 10. War and Human Nature -- Aggression and Aggressiveness -- War as an Institution -- The Role of Scientists -- 11. What Stops Countries from Going to War ? -- Democracy -- Overcoming Cultural Differences -- Globalization -- Deterrence -- Sanctions -- International Law -- 12. Preventing War: Arms Control -- Arms Control -- Combating Terrorism -- 13. Preventing War: Promotion of International Well- Being and Peace Education -- Promotion of International Well- Being -- Education for Peace and Socialization -- 14. Organizations Involved in Prevention, Intervention and Conflict Resolution -- The United Nations -- Regional and Inter- Governmental Organizations -- The Roles of Non- Governmental Organizations -- Religious Groups and Reconciliation Commissions -- Grassroots Organizations -- 15. Intervention and Conflict Resolution 193The Importance of Early Warning and Early Action 193Is Intervention Necessarily Desirable?.

Conditions for Intervention -- Who Should Intervene and How? -- Peacekeeping and Peace- Enforcement -- Establishing Peace 203The Aftermath of War -- The Promotion of Democracy -- Some Outstanding Issues -- 16. Epilogue: Eliminating Conflict in the Nuclear Age -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Further Reading -- Index -- Afghanistan Arms etc from the West -- 11 -- 61 -- 78 -- 85-6 -- 163 -- Civilian casualties, 41 -- Civilian casualties, 139 -- Reconstruction of, 72 -- Reconstruction of, 203 -- Suicide attacks, 142 -- Taliban, 130 -- Taliban, 167 -- Taliban, 203 -- African Conference of Churches 190 -- African National Congress 205 -- African Union 72 -- Aggression versus Aggressiveness 101-7 -- Aid, international 170-1 -- al-Qaeda -- 17 -- 78 -- 84 -- 99 -- 140 -- 167 -- 212 -- Allende, Salvador 191 -- Angola -- 60 -- 85 -- 87 -- Anti-Ballistic Missiles Bangladesh 149 -- Anti-Semitism -- 73 -- 74 -- 76 -- Apartheid -- 61 -- 71 -- 140 -- 191 -- Argentina -- 59 -- 99 -- 138 -- 149 -- Armenians 74 -- Arms Control -- 145-67 -- Dealers, 116 -- Manufacture, 50-1 -- Manufacture, 115-18 -- Race, 22-9 -- Race, 136 -- Race, 147 -- Trade, 117 -- Trade, 127 -- Trade, 161-5 -- Atiyah, Michael 120-1 -- Atomic Energy Commission -- 23 -- 157 -- Atomic Scientists' Association 188-9 -- Autonomy of groups -- 61-5 -- and Sovereignty, 62-4 -- and Sovereignty, 216 -- Conflict resulting, 64-5 -- Desire for, 62-3 -- Desire for, 79 -- Baruch Plan 24 -- Bavaria 65 -- Belarus 127 -- Biological weapons Agents -- 33-4 -- Control of, 159 -- Convention, 33 -- Convention, 159 -- Blair, Tony -- 59 -- 141 -- 163 -- 164 -- Bomber raids -- 18 -- 19 -- 39 -- 41 -- 66 -- 80 -- 161 -- Bosnia -- 195 -- 197 -- 198 -- Botswana 87 -- Boutros-Ghali, Boutros 64 -- Brazil -- 85 -- 149 -- British National Peace Council 173-4 -- Bunker buster bombs 41 -- Burundi -- 190.

195 -- Bush, George 137 -- Bush, George W. -- 9 -- 11 -- 17 -- 29 -- 56 -- 84 -- 134 -- 139 -- 141 -- 149 -- 151 -- 153-5 -- 167 -- 179 -- 211 -- 213-14 -- Cambodia -- 12 -- 79 -- 188 -- 193 -- 198 -- Cameroon 127 -- Canada -- 65 -- 88 -- Canberra Commission 158 -- CARE International 187 -- Carnegie Commission -- ix -- 158 -- 183 -- 195 -- Carter, Jimmy 198 -- Casualties -- 10-11 -- 13 -- 39-40 -- 196 -- Causes of war -- 47-9 -- Eliminating causes, 48 -- Retrospective analysis, 47 -- Retrospective analysis, 54 -- Section II Historical analysis, 47-8 -- Chamberlain, Neville -- 57 -- 58 -- Chechnya 62 -- Chemical weapons -- 30-2 -- Agents, 31 -- Agents, 32 -- Chile -- 79 -- 85 -- 191 -- China Chemical weapons -- 32 -- and Pollution. 88 -- and Taiwan, 213 -- and Tibet, 84 -- and Tibet, 178 -- Nuclear weapons, 16 -- Nuclear weapons, 139 -- Nuclear weapons, 149 -- Nuclear weapons, 155 -- Nuclear weapons, 156 -- Nuclear weapons, 159 -- Values, Democracy, 130 -- Values, Democracy, 132-4 -- Values, Democracy, 207 -- Christianity and war -- 75-6 -- 130 -- Churchill, Winston -- 58 -- 60 -- 137 -- CIA -- 11 -- 78 -- 82 -- 85 -- 111 -- 127 -- 163 -- 198 -- Civil wars [Intra-state wars] -- 11-12 -- 53-5 -- 71-2 -- 84 -- 85 -- Clandestine political action 61 -- Clinton, William Jefferson [Bill] 153 -- Cluster bombs 39-41 -- Cold War -- 12 -- 13 -- 17 -- 21 -- 22 -- 28 -- 49 -- 60 -- 61 -- 62 -- 64 -- 79 -- 80 -- 85 -- 101 -- 118 -- 136-7 -- 148 -- 157 -- 175 -- 181 -- 209 -- 211 -- Colombia 12 -- Colonial wars -- 71-2 -- 83-4 -- 111-12 -- 199 -- Committee on International Security and Arms Control [National Academy of Sciences] 158-9 -- Community of Sant' Egidio 190 -- Conflict resolution -- 43 -- 178-80 -- 204 -- Congo -- 198 -- 203 -- Consequences of war -- 1-5 -- 13 -- Convention -- 31 -- 159-60 -- Conventional weapons -- 39-45 -- 161-6.

Cost [financial] of war -- 3 -- 54-5 -- 96 -- 145-6 -- Costa Rica 52 -- Covert operations 11 -- Cromwell, Oliver 75 -- Crusades 76 -- Cuba -- 16 -- 58-9 -- 79 -- Cultural differences, overcoming 129-34 -- Cyprus -- 81 -- 84 -- 192 -- 204 -- Czechoslovakia -- 65 -- 190 -- Daisy-cutter bombs 41 -- Definition of war 9-11 -- Democracy -- Incidence of, 127-9 -- Incomplete, 126-7 -- merits of, 125-6 -- promotion of, 207-8 -- vs. Communism, 55 -- vs. totalitarianism, 55-6 -- vs. totalitarianism, 128 -- Democratic Republic of the Congo 190 -- Deterrence -- 15 -- 16 -- 28 -- 136-40 -- Diego Garcia 82 -- Dominican Republic 85 -- Early warning 193-5 -- East Timor 205 -- Eaton, Cyrus 189 -- Economic factors -- 54-5 -- 84-5 -- Education -- 91 -- 171-7 -- 215-16 -- Egypt 166 -- Eichmann, Karl Adolf 107 -- Eisenhower, Dwight 115 -- El Salvador -- 166 -- 205 -- Environment -- -- Deterioration 86 -- Deterioration 98 -- Pollution, 88 -- Resources, 86-8 -- Estonia 62 -- Ethiopia -- 32 -- 55 -- 87 -- 180 -- Ethnic cleansing 73-4 -- Ethnic relations project 188 -- Ethnicity -- 70-5 -- 98 -- 106-7 -- 132 -- European Union -- 52 -- 53 -- 126 -- 186 -- 215 -- Falklands war -- 59 -- 184 -- Federation of American Scientists 188 -- Financial markets -- 91 -- 99 -- 136 -- Finland -- 173 -- 174 -- France -- 78 -- 92 -- 215 -- Fuchs, Klaus 24 -- Gandhi 191 -- Geneva Conventions -- 11 -- 19 -- 142 -- Protocol, 30 -- Protocol, 31 -- Protocol, 32 -- Germany -- 53 -- 56 -- 80 -- 83 -- 215 -- Globalization -- Beneficial consequences, 89-90 -- Beneficial consequences, 91 -- Beneficial consequences, 135-6 -- Deleterious consequences, 90-4 -- Deleterious consequences, 130-1 -- Gorbachev, Mikhail 29 -- Grassroots organizations 191 -- Greece vs Turkey -- 74 -- 81 -- 84 -- 192 -- Greenpeace 188 -- Guatamala 85 -- Gulf Wars -- 59 -- 78 -- 126 -- 131 -- 140 -- 142.

196 -- Hague Peace Conference 192 -- Haiti 194 -- Halifax, Lord 58 -- Hegemony -- 54 -- 56 -- 98 -- 130 -- 184 -- 212 -- Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- 14 -- 18 -- 19 -- 20 -- 156 -- Hitler, Adolph -- 22 -- 55 -- 57 -- 58 -- 60 -- 77 -- 114 -- 137 -- 194 -- Holocaust 106-7 -- Human Rights -- 129-4 -- 217 -- Hungary 132 -- Iceland 52 -- India -- 156 -- 182 -- India vs Pakistan -- 16 -- 53 -- 84 -- 149 -- 163 -- 198 -- 213 -- Individualism vs Collectivism 132 -- Indonesia -- 82 -- 85 -- 99 -- 162 -- 166 -- Information Technology Warfare 37-8 -- Innocent III, Pope 76 -- Inquisition, Spanish 76 -- Institution of war -- 107-21 -- Military-industrial-scientific complex, 115-18 -- Pervasive cultural factors, 110-4 -- Role of scientists, 118-21 -- Support by everyday factors, 109-10 -- Interdependence of humankind 216-18 -- International Court of Justice -- 19-20 -- 87 -- 142 -- 148 -- International Criminal Court -- 142 -- 181 -- 184 -- 217 -- International Law -- 20 -- 57 -- 63 -- 141-4 -- 147-66 -- International Organization for Migration 181 -- International Red Cross [Red Crescent] 187 -- International Security Assistance Force 203 -- International well-being 169-77 -- Intervention and Conflict Resolution -- 193-209 -- Aftermath of war, 205-6 -- By whom? 198-201 -- Conditions for 196-8 -- Peace establishment, 203-5 -- Peacekeeping and enforcement, 201-3 -- Promotion of democracy, 207 -- IRA [and Irish Liberation Army] -- 64 -- 65 -- 86 -- Iran -- 85 -- 149 -- 153 -- 166 -- 207 -- Iran vs Iraq war -- 39 -- 51 -- 130 -- Iraq -- 153 -- Deterrence effective, 136 -- Gulf Wars, 32 -- Gulf Wars, 39 -- Gulf Wars, 41 -- Gulf Wars, 50 -- Gulf Wars, 53 -- Gulf Wars, 66 -- Gulf Wars, 83 -- Gulf Wars, 85 -- Gulf Wars, 111 -- Gulf Wars, 131 -- Gulf Wars, 136 -- Gulf Wars, 140 -- Gulf Wars, 149 -- Gulf Wars, 153 -- Gulf Wars, 181.

Gulf Wars, 206.