Contents -- Boxes -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Preface The European Union: Books, Websites and Propaganda -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Treaties -- 3 The Institutions -- 4 How the European Union Makes Law -- 5 Enlargement -- 6 The Common Foreign and Security Policy -- 7 Citizenship, Justice and Home Affairs -- 8 The Euro -- 9 The Internal Market -- 10 External Economic Relations -- 11 Employment and Social Policy -- 12 The Environment -- 13 The Common Agricultural Policy and Common Fisheries Policy -- 14 Transport -- 15 Regional Policy -- 16 Industrial Policy and Energy -- 17 Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3/4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 -- Chapter 13 -- Chapter 14 -- Chapter 15 -- Chapter 16 -- Recommended Reading -- Index -- acidification, of water and forests 108 -- ACP [Africa, Caribbean, Pacific] group -- 84 -- 87 -- acquis communautaire -- 36 -- 40 -- 41 -- 42 -- 43 -- Advocates-General 23 -- afforestation programmes 104 -- Agenda -- 123 -4 -- Agreement on Social Policy [ASP] -- 96 -7 -- 98 -- Agricultural Council 16 -- agriculture -- and environment 102 -- and environment 107 -- prices 110 -11 -- share of budget 33 -- subsidies 104 -- subsidies 111 -- surplus produce 110 -11 -- air-traffic -- 119 -- 120 -- Algeria 87 -- Amnesty International 57 -- Amsterdam Treaty -- and citizenship 52 -4 -- and common foreign and defence policy 46 -8 -- and consumer protection 80 -- and discrimination 54 -- and discrimination 100 -- and environmental policy 105 -- and Justice and Home Affairs 56 -- asylum and refugees 57 -8 -- Amsterdam, demonstrations 53 -- annual budget -- 29 -- 33 -- anti-discrimination measures 11 -- assent -- 29 -- 30 -- Association of South East Asian Nations [ASEAN] -- 87 -8 -- 138 -- asylum policy -- 8 -- 10 -- 12 -- 56.

57 -8 -- atomic energy research 132 -- Austria -- 18 -- 20 -- 39 -- 46 -- 66 -- 78 -- 124 -- Auto-Oil Programme 118 -19 -- Aznar, José María 92 -- Azores 123 -- Bangemann, Martin 47 -- Belgium -- 51 -2 -- 62 -- biotechnology 133 -- Blair, Tony -- 63 -- 92 -- border controls -- 10 -- 51 -2 -- 115 -- Bosnia 46 -- BSE crisis -- 81 -- 104 -- 139 -- budget -- budgetary authority 33 -- discharge 35 -- draft budgets 33 -4 -- monitoring expenditure 35 -- Budgetary Treaty 32 -3 -- Buitenen, Paul van 19 -20 -- Bulgaria 41 -- Canary Islands 123 -- candidate countries -- 38 -- and complex negotiating process 42 -- consumer protection 81 -- criteria 40 -- criteria 42 -- financial support for 40 -1 -- option to join EU 140 -- screening 42 -3 -- transitional measures 42 -- capital, free movement of -- 4 -- 77 -- 80 -- car industry -- 81 -2 -- 117 -- carbon fuel reserves 130 -- Cardiff Summit [1997] 94 -- Cassis de Dijon case [1979] 70 -- catalytic converters 74 -- CEEP, [EU-wide small businesses group] 98 -- Central and Eastern Europe [CEE] -- 140 -- growth rate 39 -- migration to EU states 37 -- war in 45 -6 -- Charter of Fundamental Rights -- 6 -- 54 -6 -- 93 -- 140 -1 -- children, offences against 10 -- citizenship -- 8 -- 51 -8 -- 89 -- 135 -- 140 -1 -- and Amsterdam Treaty 52 -4 -- and diplomatic representation 52 -- rights 51 -2 -- rights 53 -4 -- civil rights -- 9 -10 -- 56 -- 57 -- climate change -- 108 -- 118 -- 131 -- co-decision 29 -30 -- co-operation -- 29 -- 30 -- coal -- 130 -- 131 -- coastal exclusion zones 114 -- Cohesion Fund -- 8 -- 78 -- 122 -- 123 -- 125 -6 -- Cold War, end of -- 37 -- 45 -- Comett, [EU education and training programme] Comett, [EU education and training programme] 101 -- Commissioners -- appointment of 19 -- sacking of 12 -- sacking of 18 -- sacking of 19 -- Committee of the Regions [CoR] 25.

Committee on Budgetary Control 35 -- Common Agricultural Policy [CAP] -- and environment 103 -4 -- and environment 106 -- and environment 107 -- and environment 112 -- and environment 135 -- and fraud 112 -- criticism of 111 -12 -- redistributive function 110 -- redistributive function 110 -- redistributive function 111 -- redistributive function 111 -- Common Customs Tariff [CCT] -- 83 -- 85 -- common defence force 46 -- Common Fisheries Policy [CFP] -- 32 -- 104 -- 112 -14 -- failure of 112 -- policies 113 -14 -- Common Foreign and Security Policy [CFSP] -- 6 -- 8 -- 9 -- 44 -- 45 -50 -- 140 -- Common Market Organisations [CMOs] 110 -- Common Position 29 -- Common Strategy 48 -- Common Transport Policy [CTP] 115 -20 -- common values -- 49 -50 -- and state sovereignty 4 -5 -- High Representative for 11 -- High Representative for 46 -- High Representative for 48 -- official aims of 50 -- Planning and Early Warning Unit 48 -9 -- process 48 -9 -- communication strategy 39 -- Communications 27 -- Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers 53 -- Community information and consultation procedure 85 -- Community Initiatives [CIs] -- 124 -- 126 -- Community Programmes [CPs] 101 -- competition policy -- 71 -2 -- 81 -2 -- 129 -- 130 -- compulsory expenditure -- 31 -2 -- 34 -- Conciliation Committee 29 -30 -- Conservatives, British -- 122 -- 123 -- consultation -- 29 -- 30 -- consumer protection -- 11 -- 55 -- 69 -- 70 -- 73 -4 -- 80 -2 -- Copenhagen Criteria 40 -- COREPER, [Committee of Member States' Permanent Representatives] 17 -- corruption and fraud -- 9 -- 10 -- 40 -- 56 -- 112 -- Council of Ministers -- 7 -- 15 -16 -- 20 -- 72 -- 138 -- and Common Foreign and Security Policy 48 -- and monetary union 66 -- Presidency 16 -17 -- crime -- international 56 -- organised 10 -- organised 57 -- crisis management 47.

Croatia 46 -- customs union 83 -- customs -- co-operation -- co-operation 9 -- co-operation 56 -- removal of duties and tariffs 69 -- removal of duties and tariffs 69 -- removal of duties and tariffs 70 -- removal of duties and tariffs 70 -- Cyprus -- 41 -- 43 -- Czech Republic -- 39 -- 41 -- dangerous products 82 -- data protection 9 -- Decisions 27 -- Declarations 27 -- delocalisation of production -- 80 -- 86 -- Delors, Jacques -- 90 -- 122 -- democracy -- 40 -- 136 -- 139 -40 -- 141 -2 -- 143 -- and European Union 22 -- and European Union 134 -- and European Union 135 -- and European Union 138 -9 -- and European Union 141 -- and monetary union 61 -2 -- and monetary union 64 -- and monetary union 141 -- and monetary union 142 -- Denmark -- 62 -- 70 -- 93 -- development aid -- 49 -- 87 -- development policy 87 -8 -- dioxins -- 81 -- 104 -- Directives -- 26 -- 29 -- disability 99 -100 -- discrimination -- 54 -- 100 -- drug addiction 56 -- drug-trafficking -- 10 -- 56 -- Dublin Convention 58 -- duties and tariffs, removal of -- 69 -- 70 -- e-coli 81 -- Ecofin, [Economic and Financial Affairs Council] 68 -- Economic and Financial Committee 68 -- economic and monetary union [EMU] -- 4 -- 8 -- 90 -- 122 -- 135 -- and business cycles 63 -4 -- and democratic control 61 -2 -- and democratic control 64 -- and democratic control 141 -- and democratic control 142 -- and free movement of capital 77 -- and political union 60 -1 -- and political union 64 -- and welfare systems 91 -- stages of 65 -7 -- Economic and Social Committee [ECOSOC] 25 -- ECU [European Currency Unit] 65 -- education -- 100 -1 -- 102 -- 124 -- Egypt 87 -- elderly -- quality of life 100 -- rights of 55 -- emergency financial assistance 12 -- employment -- 9 -- 89 -99 -- 135 -- and deregulation 92 -- and deregulation 93 -- and economic growth 94.

employees rights 53 -- employees rights 96 -8 -- health and safety 95 -6 -- skilled workforce 102 -- training and education 93 -- working conditions 95 -6 -- working poor 92 -- working poor 94 -- energy policy 129 -31 -- energy/CO[2] tax 77 -8 -- Enhanced Co-operation groups 12 -- entrepreneurship -- 92 -- 94 -- 102 -- Environment Council 16 -- Environmental Action Programmes [EAPs] -- 105 -- 107 -- 108 -- Environmental Impact Assessment [EIA] 104 -- environmental policy -- 3 -- 7 -- 8 -- 11 -- 103 -8 -- and conflicting pressures 106 -7 -- and enforcement 107 -8 -- and foreign imports 70 -- and influence of MNCs 128 -- and Structural Funds 122 -- and Structural Funds 125 -- and taxation 107 -8 -- green lobby 73 -4 -- green lobby 128 -- international agreements 87 -- equal opportunities -- 8 -9 -- 98 -9 -- 102 -- 124 -- Erasmus, [EU university education programme] Erasmus, [EU university education programme] 101 -- Estonia 41 -- Euro -- 4 -- 8 -- 59 -68 -- and democracy 141 -- and democracy 142 -- arguments about 59 -60 -- conditions for success 62 -4 -- convergence criteria 60 -2 -- convergence criteria 63 -- convergence criteria 65 -- convergence criteria 141 -- introduction of 66 -- need for Cohesion Fund 125 -- popular support for 62 -3 -- referenda on 59 -- referenda on 62 -- referenda on 63 -- single interest rate 63 -4 -- Euro Council 68 -- Eurojust 12 -- European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund [EAGGF] -- 32 -- 110 -- 126 -7 -- European Atomic Energy Community [Euratom] 129 -- European Central Bank [ECB] -- 12 -- 66 -- 67 -8 -- independence of 62 -- independence of 64 -- independence of 135 -- independence of 138 -- independence of 141 -- European Coal and Steel Community [ECSC] -- 17 -- 129 -- 132 -- European Commission -- 18 -20 -- 138 -- and budgetary procedure 33.

and Community Initiatives 126.