Cover -- Title page -- Verso title page -- Contents -- About the authors -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- Ch 1: Ultrasound imaging in gynaecological practice -- Introduction -- Pelvic pain -- Abnormal vaginal bleeding -- Pelvic masses -- Early pregnancy assessment -- Fertility assessment -- Conclusions -- Ch 1 References -- Ch 2: Normal pelvic anatomy -- Optimisation and systemisation -- Optimising the image -- Image orientation -- A systematic scanning technique -- Transvaginal examination -- Transrectal examination -- Transabdominal examination -- Normal ultrasound morphology of the uterus and ovaries -- Women of fertile age -- Postmenopausal women -- The urinary bladder -- The pouch of Douglas -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Ch 2 References -- Ch 3: The uterus -- Introduction -- Congenital uterine anomalies -- Uterine fibroids -- Uterine sarcoma -- Adenomyosis -- Conclusion -- Ch 3 References -- Ch 4: Postmenopausal bleeding: presentation and investigation -- Introduction -- Investigations -- Endometrial biopsy -- Transvaginal ultrasound -- saline infusion sonohysterography -- Outpatient hysteroscopy -- The rapid access clinic -- Conclusion -- Ch 4 References -- Ch 5: HRT, contraceptives and other drugs affecting the endometrium -- Introduction -- Hormone replacement therapy -- Prescribing HRT -- Types of HRT -- Abnormal bleeding on HRT -- Effects of HRT on the endometrium -- Other drugs affecting the endometrium -- Tamoxifen -- Raloxifene -- Contraceptives -- Combined oral contraceptives -- Progestogen-only contraceptives -- Conclusions -- Ch 5 References -- Ch 6: Diagnosis and management of adnexal masses -- Introduction -- Ultrasound morphology for discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses -- Using ultrasound to characterise an adnexal mass -- Ultrasound characteristics of dermoid cysts.

Ultrasound characteristics of endometriomas -- Ultrasound characteristics of haemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts -- Ultrasound characteristics of hydro-pyo-haematosalpinx -- Ultrasound characteristics of paraovarian cysts -- Ultrasound characteristics of peritoneal pseudocysts -- Ultrasound characteristics of ovarian fibromas, fibrothecomas, thecofibromas, thecomas, Brenner and other benign solid ovarian tumours -- Ultrasound characteristics of tubo-ovarian abscess -- Ultrasound characteristics of ovarian serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma and adenofibroma -- Incidentally detected pelvic tumours -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Ch 7: Ultrasound assessment of women with pelvic pain -- Introduction -- Acute pelvic pain -- Adnexal cysts -- Adnexal torsion -- Pelvic inflammatory disease -- Uterine causes of acute pelvic pain -- Non-gynaecological conditions that may cause pelvic pain -- Chronic pelvic pain -- Clinical implications of normal ultrasound findings in a woman with pelvic pain -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Ch 7 References -- Ch 8: Ultrasound of nongynaecological pelvic lesions -- Introduction -- Bowel abnormalities -- Appendix -- inflammation -- mucocele -- Diverticulitis -- Inflammatory bowel disease -- Bowel duplication cysts -- Bowel cancer -- Invasive procedures -- Abscess drainage -- Tumour biopsy -- Renal tract -- Stones -- Ureterocele -- Bladder tumour -- Urethra -- Vascular abnormalities -- Aneurysms -- Deep vein thrombosis -- Varicosities and distended pelvic veins -- Anterior sacral meningocele -- Hernia -- Conclusion -- References -- Ch 9: Ultrasound imaging in reproductive medicine -- Introduction -- The pivotal scan -- Uterus -- Fallopian tubes -- Ovaries -- Assessment of ovarian reserve -- Doppler ultrasound examination of ovarian circulation -- Adnexal tumours -- Ultrasound examination during subfertility treatment.

Monitoring of the uterus and endometrium -- Monitoring follicular development -- Ultrasound-guided IVF procedures -- Ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval -- Ultrasound-guided embryo transfer -- Conclusion -- Ch 9 References -- Ch 10: Ultrasound imaging of the lower urinary tract and uterovaginal prolapse -- Introduction -- Ultrasound of the lower urinary tract and pelvis -- Transabdominal imaging -- measurements of bladder volume -- urinary bladder and urethral anatomy -- Transvaginal ultrasound -- Perineal and translabial ultrasound -- Transrectal ultrasound -- Intraurethral ultrasound -- Three-dimensional ultrasound -- Ultrasound for the assessment of urinary incontinence -- Ultrasound for assessment of the pelvic floor and prolapse -- Conclusions -- References -- Ch 11: Ultrasound and diagnosis of obstetric anal sphincter injuries -- Introduction -- Anatomy of the anorectum -- Equipment -- Technique -- Interpretation -- Puborectalis muscle -- The anal epithelium (submucosa) -- The internal anal sphincter -- The longitudinal muscle -- The external anal sphincter -- the deep external anal sphincter -- the subcutaneous external anal sphincter -- the superficial external anal sphincter -- Perianal and ischiorectal fat -- Other imaging techniques and modalities -- Three-dimensional endosonography -- Magnetic resonance imaging -- Vaginal endosonography -- Transperineal ultrasound -- Obstetric anal sphincter injury -- Occult anal sphincter trauma -- Diagnosis of acute obstetric anal sphincter tears -- Conclusions -- Ch 11 References -- Ch 12: Organisation of the early pregnancy unit -- Introduction -- Aims of early pregnancy units -- Indications for assessment -- Source of referrals -- Location -- General facilities -- Technical facilities -- Administration -- Issues -- Conclusions -- References.

Ch 13: Sonoembryology: ultrasound examination of early pregnancy -- Introduction -- Ultrasound examination of the embryo and early fetus -- Definitions of age -- Normal early embryological development -- Gestational age 4 weeks and 0-6 days -- embryology -- ultrasound -- Gestational age 5 weeks and 0-6 days -- embryology -- ultrasound -- Gestational age 6 weeks 0-6 days, CRL 3-8mm -- embryology -- ultrasound -- Gestational age 7 weeks 0-6 days, CRL 9-14mm -- embryology -- ultrasound -- Gestational age 8 weeks 0-6 days, CRL 15-22mm -- embryology -- ultrasound -- Gestational age 9 weeks 0-6 days, CRL 23-31mm -- embryology -- ultrasound -- Early post-embryonic fetal phase -- Gestational age 10 weeks 0-6 days, CRL 32-41mm, and 11 weeks 0-6 days, CRL 42-54mm, 'early post-embryonic period' -- embryology -- ultrasound -- Multiple pregnancy -- Ultrasound findings in abnormal pregnancies -- Conclusions -- References -- Ch 14: Diagnosis and management of miscarriage -- Introduction -- Diagnosis of miscarriage -- Ultrasound diagnosis of miscarriage -- ultrasound features suggesting early embryonic/fetal demise without a visible embryo -- Biochemical features suggesting early embryonic or fetal demise -- human chorionic gonadotrophin -- progesterone -- inhibin a -- multiparameter models in the diagnosis of early pregnancy failure -- Diagnosis of miscarriage when the fetus is visible -- low fetal heart rate as a predictor of miscarriage -- recurrent miscarriage -- Diagnosis of miscarriage: summary -- Management of miscarriage -- Expectant management -- Medical management -- inpatient medical management -- outpatient medical management -- complications of medical management -- medical management in practice -- Surgical management -- complications of surgical management -- manual vacuum aspiration -- histological examination of surgical specimens.

Management of miscarriage: summary -- Conclusions -- References -- Ch 15: Tubal ectopic pregnancy -- Introduction -- Clinical presentation -- Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy -- Pregnancies of unknown location -- Serum human chorionic gonadotrophin -- Progesterone -- Management of tubal ectopic pregnancy -- Surgical management -- Medical management -- Expectant management -- Fertility after ectopic pregnancy -- Conclusion -- Ch 15 References -- Ch 16: Non-tubal ectopic pregnancies -- Introduction -- Interstitial pregnancy -- Incidence and predisposing factors -- Diagnosis -- ultrasound -- other diagnostic methods -- Management -- surgical management -- medical management -- expectant management -- uterine artery embolisation -- Fertility after interstitial pregnancy -- Cervical pregnancy -- Incidence and predisposing factors -- Diagnosis -- Management -- surgical management -- medical management -- Fertility after cervical pregnancy -- Caesarean-scar pregnancy -- Incidence and predisposing factors -- Diagnosis -- Management -- surgical management -- medical management -- expectant management -- Future fertility -- Ovarian pregnancy -- Incidence and predisposing factors -- Diagnosis -- Management -- Abdominal pregnancy -- Incidence and predisposing factors -- Diagnosis -- Management -- Conclusion -- Ch 16 References -- Ch 17: Ovarian cysts in pregnancy -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Pathological characteristics -- Functional cysts -- Dermoid cysts -- Endometrioma -- Benign epithelial ovarian tumours -- Tubal pathology -- Malignant ovarian tumours -- Differential diagnosis of adnexal masses -- Ultrasound diagnosis -- Magnetic resonance imaging -- Biochemical indices -- Complications -- Adnexal torsion -- Dystocia -- Management -- Surgical management -- laparotomy -- laparoscopy -- Risks of surgery in pregnancy -- When to intervene.

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration.