Front cover -- Title page -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- 1 Screening for chromosomal abnormalities -- Introduction -- Development of screening programmes -- Biochemical screening -- SECOND-TRIMESTER BIOCHEMICAL SCREENING -- Factors affecting second-trimester screening -- FIRST-TRIMESTER BIOCHEMICAL SCREENING -- NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY -- INCREASED NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY AND NORMAL KARYOTYPE -- First-trimester combined ultrasound and biochemical screening -- INTEGRATED SCREENING -- CONTINGENT SCREENING -- SEQUENTIAL SCREENING -- COMPARISON OF THE THREE MODELS -- Factors to consider when comparing the three models of testing -- First-trimester versus second-trimester screening -- Other first-trimester ultrasound markers of aneuploidy -- NASAL BONE -- DUCTUS VENOSUS -- SECOND-TRIMESTER ULTRASOUND AND ANEUPLOIDY -- Screening in multiple pregnancy -- CONSIDERATIONS -- Summary -- References -- 2 Prenatal diagnostic techniques -- Introduction -- Who should be offered invasive prenatal testing? -- WOMEN WHO ARE SCREEN-POSITIVE -- FAMILIES WITH SPECIFIC CHROMOSOME MARKERS -- ULTRASOUND ABNORMALITIES IDENTIFIED DURING PREGNANCY -- Diagnostic tests available in pregnancy -- AMNIOCENTESIS -- Technique -- Complications -- Timing -- Cytogenetic analysis -- CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING -- Technique -- Complications -- Contraindications -- Timing -- Cytogenetic analysis -- CORDOCENTESIS -- Technique -- Complications -- WHICH PROCEDURE AT WHICH GESTATION? -- Diagnostic testing in multiple pregnancy -- AMNIOCENTESIS -- CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING -- Diagnostic testing in women with chronic infection -- HIV -- HEPATITIS B -- HEPATITIS C -- Audit of invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures -- For the future: non-invasive prenatal diagnosis -- POTENTIAL PROBLEMS -- FINALLY -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 The routine anomaly scan -- Introduction.

Second-trimester anomaly scans -- Minimum standards for the 20-week anomaly scan -- Detection rates -- Problems associated with routine anomaly scans -- SOFT MARKERS -- Nuchal fold -- Choroid plexus cysts -- Echogenic bowel -- Renal pelvis dilatation -- Ventriculomegaly -- Two-vessel cord -- Echogenic foci in the heart -- Summary of soft markers -- FALSE POSITIVE SCAN FINDINGS -- FALSE-NEGATIVE SCAN FINDINGS -- For the future -- THE FIRST-TRIMESTER ANOMALY SCAN -- THREE- AND FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND -- WHAT DO PARENTS EXPECT? -- Summary -- References -- 4 Fetal structural abnormalities -- Introduction -- Central nervous system -- ANENCEPHALY -- SPINA BIFIDA -- ENCEPHALOCELE -- ADDITIONAL ANOMALIES -- VENTRICULOMEGALY -- HYDROCEPHALUS -- FURTHER AETIOLOGIES OF INTRACRANIAL ABNORMALITY -- Cardiovascular system -- EXTRACARDIAC ANOMALIES -- INCREASED NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY -- CARDIAC ANOMALIES: CONSIDERATIONS -- Gastrointestinal system -- Renal tract abnormalities -- RENAL ANOMALIES: CONSIDERATIONS -- Skeletal system -- SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS: CONSIDERATIONS -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 Fetal therapy -- Historical aspects -- Preventive therapy -- Indirect (transplacental) fetal therapy -- MEDICAL TREATMENT AND FETAL PHARMACOKINETICS -- CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA -- FETAL DYSRHYTHMIAS -- Invasive fetal therapy -- ULTRASOUND-GUIDED THERAPY -- INTRAVASCULAR TRANSFUSION FOR RHESUS DISEASE -- Assessment of at-risk pregnancies -- HISTORY AND ANTIBODIES -- ULTRASOUND -- FETAL INTRAUTERINE TRANSFUSION -- FETAL AND NEONATAL ALLOIMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA -- Fetal shunting procedures -- FETAL URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION -- Antenatal assessment -- Fetal therapy for LUTO -- VESICOAMNIOTIC SHUNTING PROCEDURE -- FETAL PLEURAL EFFUSIONS -- Procedures used to alter the amount of amnioticfluid -- AMNIOINFUSION -- AMNIODRAINAGE -- 'Open' fetal surgery.

CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA -- FETAL LUNG LESIONS -- The EXIT procedure -- Severe congenital heart disease -- SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA -- MYELOMENINGOCELE -- Minimally invasive fetal surgery -- FETOSCOPIC LASER ABLATION OF PLACENTAL VESSELS -- FETOSCOPIC CORD OCCLUSION IN COMPLICATED MONOCHORIONIC TWINS -- COMPLICATIONS OF OPERATIVE FETOSCOPY -- Fetal pain and awareness -- Future therapies -- STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION -- GENE THERAPY -- Ethics of fetal therapy -- References -- 6 Prenatal diagnosis and management of non-immune hydrops fetalis -- Introduction -- Aetiology -- Specific causes -- CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES -- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE -- ABNORMALITIES OF THE FETAL THORAX -- SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS -- FETAL AKINESIA SYNDROMES -- OTHER GENETIC CAUSES -- Investigation of non-infectious NIHF -- Management of non-infectious NIHF -- Fetal infection -- Fetal anaemia -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Termination of pregnancy for fetal abnormality -- Introduction -- First trimester of pregnancy -- Mid-trimester abortion -- Late termination of pregnancy for fetalabnormality -- Multifetal pregnancy reduction -- TECHNICAL ASPECTS -- SELECTIVE TERMINATION -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 Fetal growth restriction -- Introduction -- Normal uteroplacental development -- DEVELOPMENT OF UTEROPLACENTAL BLOOD SUPPLY -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLACENTAL VILLOUS STRUCTURE -- Uteroplacental development in fetal growth restriction -- UTEROPLACENTAL BLOOD FLOW -- PLACENTAL VILLOUS DEVELOPMENT -- Antenatal features of growth-restrictedpregnancies -- Assessment of the small fetus -- AMNIOTIC FLUID VOLUME -- DOPPLER WAVEFORMS -- Umbilical artery Doppler waveforms -- Middle cerebral artery Doppler waveforms -- Ductus venosus waveform -- Umbilical vein waveform -- Cardiotocography -- Optimal time to deliver the growth-restricted fetus.

Neonatal effects of fetal growth restriction -- THERMOREGULATION -- HYPOGLYCAEMIA -- POLYCYTHAEMIA -- COMPLICATIONS OF PREMATURITY -- Prediction of fetal growth restriction -- Potential therapies for fetal growth restriction -- OXYGEN THERAPY -- NUTRITIONAL THERAPY -- IMPROVING UTEROPLACENTAL BLOOD FLOW -- Long-term sequelae of restricted fetal growth inutero -- Summary -- References -- 9 Twin pregnancy -- Introduction -- Classification of twin pregnancy -- EMBRYOLOGY OF MONOCHORIONIC TWIN PREGNANCY -- ANTENATAL DETERMINATION OF CHORIONICITY -- Complications of twin pregnancy: fetal medicine issues -- Preterm labour -- MANAGEMENT OF PRETERM LABOUR -- PREDICTION OF PRETERM LABOUR IN ASYMPTOMATICTWIN PREGNANCIES -- PREVENTION OF SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH IN TWIN PREGNANCIES -- Dichorionic twin pregnancy complications -- FETAL STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES -- FETAL KARYOTYPE ABNORMALITIES -- FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION -- INTRAUTERINE DEATH OF ONE TWIN -- Monochorionic twin pregnancy complications -- SINGLE INTRAUTERINE FETAL DEATH -- FETAL STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES -- FETAL KARYOTYPE ABNORMALITIES -- FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION -- Specific complications of monochorionic twins -- TWIN-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME -- TWIN REVERSED ARTERIAL PERFUSION SEQUENCE -- MONOAMNIOTIC TWINS -- CONJOINT TWINS -- Summary -- References -- 10 Fetal infection -- Introduction -- Cytomegalovirus -- DIAGNOSIS -- FETAL INFECTION -- IMPLICATIONS OF FETAL INFECTION -- MANAGEMENT -- POTENTIAL THERAPY -- COUNSELLING -- ROUTINE SCREENING FOR CMV -- Toxoplasmosis -- DIAGNOSIS -- Diagnosis of congenital infection -- TREATMENT -- PRENATAL SCREENING -- HIV -- FACTORS AFFECTING VERTICAL TRANSMISSION -- TREATMENT IN PREGNANCY -- Antiretroviral therapy -- Drug considerations -- Obstetric issues -- Syphilis -- MATERNAL DIAGNOSIS -- Non-treponemal -- Treponemal -- FETAL DIAGNOSIS -- TREATMENT.

Rubella -- DIAGNOSIS -- FETAL DIAGNOSIS -- Varicella zoster -- Parvovirus -- The role of ultrasound in diagnosing fetal infection -- Summary -- References -- Index.