Preface -- Contents -- The Contributors -- About this Volume -- 1. Molecular Techniques of Xenobiotic-Degrading Bacteria and Their Catabolic Genes in Bioremediation -- Introduction -- In situ In situ In situ In situ In situ analysis of the microbial community and activity in bioremediation -- DNA-based methods -- RNA-based methods -- Nucleic acid extraction and purification methods for environmental samples -- Genetic fingerprinting techniques -- Discovery of novel catabolic genes involved in xenobiotic degradation -- Monitoring of bioaugmented microorganisms in bioremediation -- Quantification by PCR/RT-PCR -- Molecular marker gene systems -- Recent development of methods increasing specificity of detection -- Conclusions -- References -- 2. Genetic Engineering of Bacteria and Their Potential for Bioremediation -- Introduction -- Bioremediation of Radioactive Sites -- Bioremediation of Heavy Metals -- Bioremediation of Chlorinated Compounds -- Organophosphate Bioremediation -- Phytoremediation -- Aromatic Hydrocarbon Bioremediation -- References -- 3. Commercial Use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation -- Introduction -- Overview: What Barriers do GMOs Face in the Remediation Market? -- Use of Genetic Engineering to Address Unmet Needs in Site Remediation -- Prospects for Commercial Bioremediation Using Genetically Engineered Microorganisms -- Existing Bioremediation Technologies -- Bioremediation Research Needs -- Potential Approaches to Use Genetic Engineering to Improve Microorganisms for Bioremediation -- Trichloroethylene -- PCBs -- Chlorobenzoates and other aromatic compounds -- Heavy metals and inorganics -- Mixed hazardous/Radioactive wastes -- Regulation of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms for Bioremediation -- Overview of U.S. regulation of genetically engineered microorganisms.

EPA Biotechnology regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act -- Field Uses of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms for Bioremediation -- Prospects for Commercial Phytoremediation Using Transgenic Plants -- Existing Phytoremediation Technologies -- Phytoremediation Research Needs -- Potential Approaches to Use Genetic Engineering to Improve Plants for Phytoremediation -- Metals, Metalloids and Inorganics -- Organics -- Regulation of Transgenic Plants for Phytoremediation -- Field Uses of Transgenic Plants for Phytoremediation -- Conclusions -- References -- 4. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Using Microorganisms -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of microbial interaction processes -- Biosorption -- Cell wall structure -- Cell wall characteristics and biosorption -- Biosorption capacities -- Complexing substances -- Indirect influences -- Indirect metal use for microbial life -- Bioaccumulation -- Resistance and detoxification mechanisms -- Heavy metal removal in water and wastewater -- Metal ion removal in stirred reactors -- Some technologies -- Operating conditions and metal removal -- Kinetics - Equilibria - Adsorption capacities -- Freundlich equation -- Some examples -- Metal ion removal in fixed beds -- Pressure drop -- Darcy's law -- Carman-Kozeny-Ergun equations -- Comiti-Renaud model -- Breakthrough curves -- General approach -- Utilization of breakthrough curves -- Modeling the breakthrough curves -- Bohart Adams model -- Mass transfer model -- Homogeneous Surface Diffusion Model (HSDM) and Equilibrium Column Model (ECM) equations -- A neural network -- Soil and solid waste remediation -- Bioleaching mechanism approach -- Direct bacterial leaching -- Indirect bacterial leaching -- Leaching processes -- Future developments -- Conclusions and trends -- References.

5. Guidance for the Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Wetlands, Marshes, and Marine Shorelines -- Introduction -- Biostimulation (Nutrient Amendment) -- Bioaugmentation (Microbial Amendments) -- Guidelines -- Pre-Treatment Assessment -- Selection of Nutrient Products -- Determination of the Optimal Nutrient Loading and Application Strategy -- Bioremediation Strategies in Freshwater and Saltwater Wetlands -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6. Bioremediation of Petroleum Contamination -- Introduction -- Crude oil -- Factors affecting the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons -- Chemical Composition and Hydrocarbon Concentration -- Physical State -- Physical Factors -- Temperature -- Pressure -- Moisture -- Chemical factors -- Oxygen -- pH -- Salinity -- Water activity -- Nutrients -- Biological Factors -- Bioremediation (Definition and Technology) -- In Situ Bioremediation -- 1-Bioventing -- 2-Biosparging -- 3-Extraction -- 4-Phytoremediation -- On Site Bioremediation -- Biostimulation (Environmental Modification) Versus Bioaugmentation (Microbial Seeding) -- 1-Biostimulation -- 2-Bioaugmentation -- Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills -- Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils -- Bioremediation of Oil Contaminated Groundwater and Aquifers -- Summary -- References -- 7. Bioremediation of BTEX Hydrocarbons (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene) -- Introduction -- Metabolic Pathways of BTEX -- Biodegradation Rates -- Intrinsic Bioremediation Protocols -- Multiple Plume Studies -- Enhanced Bioremediation of BTEX -- Modeling BTEX Biodegradation and Bioremediation -- Summary -- References -- 8. Remediating RDX and HMX Contaminated Soil and Water -- Introduction -- Environmental Fate and Toxicity -- Examples of RDX and HMX Contamination at Military Sites -- Nebraska Ordnance Plant -- Department of Energy Pantex Plant.

Massachusetts Military Reservation -- Abiotic Remediation Treatments for RDX/HMX-Contaminated Soil and Water -- Chemical Reduction Using Zerovalent Iron -- Chemical Reduction Using In Situ Redox Barriers -- Electrochemical Reduction of RDX in Aqueous Solutions -- Chemical Oxidation for In Situ Remediation of Soils and Ground Water -- Summary -- References -- 9. Microbial Surfactants and Their Use in Soil Remediation -- Introduction -- Biosurfactants -- Biosurfactant Production -- Microorganisms involved -- Mass (cost-effective) production -- Laboratory and Field Studies -- Summary -- References -- 10. Phytoremediation Using Constructed Treatment Wetlands: An Overview -- Introduction -- Wetland phytoremediation relative to conventional wastewater treatment technology -- Natural wetlands compared with constructed treatment wetlands for phytoremediation -- Treatment wetland design: the evolution of sequential or unit process phytoremediation -- Sequential wetlands in a unit process design -- Summary of unit processes -- Examples of phytoremediation wetlands -- Nutrient Removal -- Nitrogen removal in the San Joaquin Wildlife Sanctuary, Irvine, C.A. -- Phosphorous removal in Florida using a triple unit process -- Metals Removal -- Heavy metals removal from highway runoff -- Role of carbon in dissolved metals removal in wetlands -- Mercury and selenium as potential threats to wetland phytoremediation -- Organics removal -- Glycol removal in combined surface-flow and subsurface-flow wetlands at Heathrow Airport -- Pathogen Removal -- Removal of pathogens from a dairy wastewater in Arizona -- Should plant uptake of toxic contaminants in wetlands phytoremediation be encouraged or discouraged? -- The future of wetland phytoremediation -- Large-scale use of wetlands phytoremediation -- Development wetlands unit processes for phytoremediation.

Phytoremediation of dissolved heavy metals -- The future role of carbon -- Perchlorate and manure. Two current examples where wetland phytoremediation could rapidly solve emerging major problems -- Summary -- References -- 11. Engineering of Bioremediation Processes: A Critical Review -- Introduction -- Redox processes important for in situ bioremediation -- Aerobic in situ bioremediation -- Anaerobic in situ bioremediation -- In situ treatment: Bioaugmentation -- Formulation, storage, and delivery of bacteria for bioremediation -- Release of genetically-engineered strains for bioaugmentation -- Tracking field-released bacteria using the lux gene casette -- In situ bioaugmentation using non-viable cells -- Ex situ bioremediation: Pump and treat -- Pump and treat with aerobic/anaerobic cycling -- Pump and treat with hollow fiber biofilm reactor -- References -- Index.