Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1. Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants: Research Need -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MEDICINAL PLANTS EXPLORATION -- III. RESOURCES: WILD AND CULTIVATED PLANTS -- IV. ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES -- Development of Seed Material for Domestication -- Improvement-Somaclonal Variation and Genetic Engineering -- Understanding Metabolic Pathways -- New Compounds/Derivatives Production -- Scaling-up Technology through Bioreactors -- Plant Molecular Farming -- Metabolomics -- V. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- VI. FURTHER READINGS -- 2. Secondary Plant Products in Nature -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. ALKALOIDS -- A. Definition -- B. Biosynthesis of Alkaloids -- C. Occurrence of Alkaloids -- D. Distribution in Animal Kingdom and Lower Plants -- E. Classifications of Alkaloids -- (i) Phenylalkylamines -- (ii) Pyrrolidines, piperidines and pyridines -- (iii) Tropane alkaloids -- (iv) Quinolizidines and pyrrolizidines -- (v) Quinoline alkaloids of Cinchona -- (vi) Indole alkaloids -- (vii) Porine alkaloids -- (viii) Tropolone alkaloids -- (ix) Isoprenoid alkaloids -- (x) Diterpenoid alkaloids -- F. Biological Functions of Alkaloids -- III. OTHER METABOLITES -- A. Plant Amines -- B. Non-protein Amino Acids in Plants -- C. Quinones -- D. Resins -- (i) Overlap between the categories -- (ii) Essential oils -- (iii) Latex -- (iv) Wax -- (v) Gum and mucilage -- E. Steroids -- (i) Sterols -- (ii) Ecdysteroids -- (iii) Progestagens -- (iv) Corticosteroids -- (v) Estrogens and androgens -- (vi) Sapogenins -- F. Phenylpropanoids -- G. Polyisoprene (Rubber) -- H. Phenolics -- I. Flavours and Colours -- J. Insecticides of Plant Origin -- IV. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- V. FURTHER READINGS -- 3. Factors Affecting the Production of Secondary Metabolites -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. CULTURE CONDITIONS -- The Environment.

III. CULTURE INITIATION -- IV. TIME-COURSE STUDY OF GROWTH AND SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION -- V. OPTIMIZATION -- A. Physical Factors -- (i) Light -- (ii) Temperature -- (iii) pH -- (iv) Aeration -- B. Effect of Nutrients -- (i) Carbon source -- (ii) Nitrogen source -- (iii) Phosphate -- (iv) Plant growth regulators -- (v) Precursors -- (vi) Production medium -- Use of Elicitors -- VII. SELECTION OF CLONES -- A. Variability in Field-grown Materials -- B. State of Differentiation -- C. Producer/Non-producer Cells -- D. Plating and Selection -- (i) Plating technique -- (ii) Cloning in ochrosia -- VIII. CLONAL STABILITY -- IX. FLOW CYTOMETRY -- X. OPTIMIZATION AND SELECTION -- XI SELECTION PARAMETERS -- XII. ASSESSMENT OF SOMACLONAL VARIATION -- XIII. PROSPECTS -- References -- XIV. FURTHER READINGS -- 4. Production of Food Additives -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. COLOURS -- A. Anthocyanins -- B. Betalaines -- Hairy root cultures for betalaine production -- Enhancement of betalaines production -- Recovery of betalaines from hairy root cultures -- C. Crocin and Crocetins -- Production of stigmas and stigma constituents -- Stigma metabolites in cultured cells and tissues -- D. Capsaicin and Other Capsaicinoids -- III. FLAVOURS -- A. Vanilla -- B. Garlic and Onion -- IV. SWEETENERS -- A. Steviosides -- B. Thaumatin -- V. SAFETY ASPECTS -- References -- 5. Production of Insecticides -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES -- A. Phytoecdysterones -- B. Azadirachtin -- C. Rotenoids -- D. Pyrethrins -- E. Nicotine and Anabasine -- F. Quassin -- G. Limonene -- H. Ryania -- I. Sabadilla -- III. THE TRANSGENIC INSECTICIDE: AN ALTERNATE STRATEGY -- IV. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- V. FURTHER READINGS -- 6. Production of Antitumour Compounds -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MECHANISM OF ACTION -- A. Alkylating Agents -- B. Antimetabolites -- C. Mitotic Inhibitors.

D. DNA Intercalating Agents -- III. ASSAY SYSTEM -- IV. IN-VITRO APPROACHES -- A. New Explorations -- B. Production in Culture -- C. Low Productivity -- D. Organ Culture -- E. New Derivatives -- F. Problems Associated with the Work -- V. ELLIPTICINES FROM OCHROSIA ELLIPTICA -- VI. PODOPHYLLOTOXINS FROM PODOPHYLLUM -- Other Species -- VII. VINBLASTINE FROM CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS -- VIII. TAXOL AND TAXANES FROM TAXUS -- IX. OTHER COMPOUNDS -- X. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 7. Production of Alkaloids -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS OF PLANT ORIGIN -- III. WHY TISSUE CULTURE TO PRODUCE ALKALOIDS? -- IV. EXTRACTION OF ALKALOIDS -- V. STRATEGIES FOR PRODUCTION -- VI. ACCUMULATION OF ALKALOIDS -- A. Uptake and Storage -- B. Permealization -- C. Site of Alkaloid Accumulation -- D. Phenylalkylamines (Ephedra alkaloids) -- E. Pyridine Alkaloids -- Variability -- Optimization and metabolism -- Selection of cell lines -- Hairy roots -- Growth in bioreactor -- F. Tropane Alkaloids -- G. Quinolizidine and Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids -- H. Isoquinoline Alkaloids -- I. Quinoline (Cinchona) Alkaloids -- J. Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids -- Catharanthus alkaloids -- Other species -- K. Purine Alkaloids -- L. Ruta Alkaloids -- VII. CONCLUSIONS -- VIII. PROSPECTS -- References -- 8. Production of Steroids and Saponins -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. SAPONINS -- A. Dioscorea -- B. Agave -- C Glycyrrhiza -- D. Aesculus -- E. Panax -- III. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES -- Pharmacological properties -- Detection and quantification -- A. Digitalis -- Selection of cell cultures -- Design of bioreactors -- Scale-up -- Immobilization of digitalis cells -- B. Strophanthus -- C. Urginea -- Pharmacological properties and uses -- IV. OTHER STEROIDS -- A. Withania somnifera -- B. Holarrhena -- C. Solanum -- V. CONCLUSIONS -- References.

9. Understanding the Regulatory Mechanism of Secondary Metabolite Production -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS, ELICITORS, SUGARS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION -- III. PROTEIN AND RNA -- IV. GENETIC MANIPULATIONS -- A. Choice of Gene -- (i) Developmentally regulated genes -- (ii) Addition of novel genes -- (iii) Down-regulation of specific genes -- B. Manipulation of Biosynthetic Pathways -- (i) Indole alkaloid pathway -- (ii) Tropane alkaloid -- V. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 10. Production of Secondary Metabolites by Bioconversion -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BICONVERSION -- Stereospecificity -- Regiospecificity -- III. SYSTEM APPLIED FOR BIOCONVERSION -- A. Freely Suspended Plant Cells -- B. Immobilized Plant Cells -- (i) Methods of immobilization -- (ii) Production of secondary metabolites by immobilized plant cells -- C. Enzyme Preparations -- (i) Methods of enzyme isolation and application -- (ii) Production of secondary metabolites by isolated Plant enzymes -- IV. KINETICS OF IMMOBILIZED SYSTEMS -- V. BIOCONVERSION OF WATER-INSOLUBLE PRECURSORS -- VI. BIOCONVERSION OF SYNTHETIC PRECURSORS -- VII. NEW DEVELOPMENTS -- VIII. FINAL CONSIDERATION -- References -- 11. Genetic Transformation for Production of Secondary Metabolites -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GENETIC MANIPULATION OF NATURAL-PRODUCT PATHWAYS -- III. GENETIC TRANSFORMATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSFORMED ORGAN CULTURES USING AGROBACTERIUM -- A. Relationship between Cell Organization, Differentiation and Secondary Metabolism -- B. Organ Cultures -- C. Transformed Organ Cultures -- D. Agrobacterium and Transformation Process -- IV. APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMED ROOT CULTURES -- V. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMED HAIRY ROOTS IN ARTEMISIA ANNUA LINN.

VI. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMED SHOOTY TERATOMAS IN COLEUS FORSKOHLII BRIQ. -- VII. PROSPECTS -- References -- VIII. Further Reading -- 12. Large-scale Production in Bioreactors -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PLANT CELL LPHYSIOLOGY -- III. PLANT CELL CULTURE PROCESSES -- A. Introduction -- B. Batch Cultivation -- C. Multi-stage Batch Cultivation -- D. Feed-Batch Cultivation -- E. Continuous Cultivation -- F. Semicontinuous Cultivation -- G. Immobilized Cell Cultivation -- IV. BIOREACTOR SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION -- A. Sterilization -- B. Oxygen Supply -- C. Bioreactor Types -- (i) Stirred-tank bioreactors -- (ii) Airlift bioreactors -- (iii) Rotary drum bioreactors -- (iv) Wave bioreactor -- (v) Culture control -- V. APPLICATIONS -- A. Production of Secondary Metabolites -- B. Organ Culture -- C. Hairy Root Culture -- D. Commercialization -- VI. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 13. Production of Ergot Alkaloids from Claviceps -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- III. NATURAL OCCURRENCE -- IV. ALKALOIDS -- A. Formation and Production -- B. Chemical Properties -- C. Physical Properties -- D. Pharmacological Properties -- E. Chemistry -- Lysergic acid amides -- Peptide complex -- Clavine alkaloids -- F. Biosynthesis -- (a) Clavine alkaloids -- (b) Ergolenes and lysergic acid -- Location of biosynthesis -- V. ARTIFICIAL CULTURE -- Cultural condition -- Culture media -- Procedure -- Extraction and analyses -- VI. CONCLUSION -- References -- 14. Lichen Products -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. CHEMISTRY OF LICHEN SUBSTANCES -- III. ROLE OF LICHEN METABOLITES IN THE LICHEN THALLUS -- IV. BIOLOGICAL -- A. Activity of Lichen Extracts and Lichen Compounds -- A. Antibiotic activity -- B. Anticancer-Antiviral Activity -- C. Inhibitory Enzyme and Antioxidant Activity -- D. Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic and Other Medicinal.

E. Antiprotozoa Activity.