Preface to the Series -- Preface to this Volume -- Contents -- 1. An Overview of Anuran Phylogeny, Classification and Reproductive Modes -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF ANURAN CLASSIFICATION -- 1.3 RELATIONSHIPS OF ANURANS WITH OTHER AMPHIBIANS -- 1.4 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN ANURA -- 1.4.1 Archaeobatrachia -- 1.4.2. Neobatrachia -- 1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF ANURA -- 1.7 CONCLUSIONS -- 1.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1.9 LITERATURE CITED -- 2. The Gross Anatomy of the Reproductive System -- 2.1 ANATOMICAL CONSTRAINTS AND EVOLUTIONARY OPPORTUNITIES -- 2.2 THE OVARIES -- 2.3 THE OVIDUCTS -- 2.4 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -- 2.5 BIDDER'S ORGAN -- 2.6 LITERATURE CITED -- 3. Oogenesis -- 3.1 GERM PLASM AND PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS -- 3.1.1 Germ Plasm Segregation and Primordial Germ Cells Migration -- 3.1.2 Oogonial Proliferation -- 3.1.3 Molecular Composition of Germ Plasm -- 3.2 OOGENESIS AND FOLLICLE FORMATION -- 3.3 PREVITELLOGENESIS -- 3.3.1 Lampbrush Chromosomes -- 3.3.2 Oocyte Localization of Maternal mRNAs -- 3.3.3 Amplified Nucleoli -- 3.3.4 The Nuclear Envelope -- 3.4 VITELLOGENESIS -- 3.4.1 Hormonal Regulation of Vitellogenesis -- 3.4.2 Vitellogenin Pathway -- 3.4.3 Vitronectin-like Protein in Amphibian Yolk Platelets -- 3.5 POSTVITELLOGENESIS OR MATURITY -- 3.5.1 General Morphology of Full Grown Oocyte -- 3.5.2 Oocyte Metabolism -- 3.5.3 Oocyte Maturation -- 3.5.4 Regulation of the Meiotic Cycle -- 3.6 OOCYTE-SOMATIC CELL INTERACTIONS DURING OOGENESIS -- 3.6.1 Cell Interactions during Previtellogenesis -- 3.6.1.1. Vitelline Envelope Formation -- 3.6.2 Cell Interactions during Vitellogenesis -- 3.6.3 Cell Interactions during Postvitellogenesis -- 3.7 SUMMARY -- 3.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 3.9 LITERATURE CITED -- 4. Endocrinology of Reproduction -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. PINEAL GLAND -- 4.3 HYPOTHALAMUS -- 4.4 PITUITARY GLAND.

4.5 OVARIAN HORMONES -- 4.5.1 Gonadal Steroids -- 4.5.2 Gonadal Peptidic Hormones -- 4.6 CONTROL OF OOCYTE MATURATION -- 4.7 OVULATION CONTROL -- 4.8 ANURAN OVIDUCT -- 4.8.1 Organization and Function -- 4.8.2 Annual Oviduct Cycle. Its Connection with the Ovarian Cycle and with the Circulating Sex Steroid Hormones -- 4.8.3 Hormonal Regulation of the Functional Morphology of Anuran Oviduct -- 4.9 SERUM BINDING PROTEIN -- 4.10 STEROID RECEPTORS -- 4.11 CONCLUSIONS -- 4.12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 4.13 LITERATURE CITED -- 5. Spermatogenesis and the Mature Spermatozoon: Form, Function and Phylogenetic Implications -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 SPERMATOGENESIS -- 5.3 MORPHOLOGY OF THE MATURE SPERMATOZOON -- 5.3.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2 Suborder "Archaeobatrachia" -- 5.3.3 Superfamily "Discoglossoidea" -- 5.3.4 Family Ascaphidae -- 5.3.6 Family Discoglossidae -- 5.3.7 Family Leiopelmatidae -- 5.3.8 Superfamily Pelobatoidea -- 5.3.9 Family Megophryidae -- 5.3.10 Faniily Pelobatidae -- 5.3.10.1 Spermatozoon of Pelobates -- 5.3.10.2 Spermatozoon of Scaphiopus and Spea -- 5.3.11 Family Pelodytidae -- 5.3.12 Superfamily Pipoidea -- 5.3.13 Family Pipidae -- 5.3.14 Suborder Neobatrachia -- 5.3.15 Superfamily Bufonoidea -- 5.3.16 Family Bufonidae -- 5.3.17 Family Centrolenidae -- 5.3.18 Family Heleophrynidae -- 5.3.19 Family Hylidae -- 5.3.20 Family Leptodactylidae -- 5.3.21 Family Myobatrachidae -- 5.3.22 Family Rhinodermatidae -- 5.3.23 Superfamily Ranoidea -- 5.3.24 Family Hyperoliidae -- 5.3.25 Faniily Mantellidae -- 5.3.26 Family Microhylidae -- 5.3.27 Family Ranidae -- 5.3.28 Family Rhacophoridae -- 5.4 DISCUSSION OF ANURAN SPERMATOZOAL CHARACTERS -- 5.4.1 Acrosome Vesicle -- 5.4.2 Axial Perforatorium and Endonuclear Canal -- 5.4.3 Conical perforatorium -- 5.4.4 Nucleus -- 5.4.5 Nuclear Fossa -- 5.4.6 Centrioles -- 5.4.7 Midpiece -- 5.4.8 Tail Complex.

5.4.9 Axial Fiber -- 5.4.10 Undulating Membrane -- 5.4.11 Axoneme -- 5.4.12 Conclusion -- 5.5 FERTILIZATION BIOLOGY -- 5.5.1 Vocalizaton and Courtship -- 5.5.2 Mating (Aniplexus) -- 5.5.3 Reproductive Modes -- 5.5.4 Sperm Motility -- 5.5.4.1 General -- 5.5.4.2 Structural considerations of anuran sperm -- 5.5.4.3. Sperm motility of South African anurans -- 5.5.5 Function of the Undulating Membrane -- 5.5.6 Insemination, Fertilization and Early Embryogenesis -- 5.5.6.1 Sperm penetration -- 5.5.6.2 Acrosome reaction -- 5.5.6.3 Cleavage -- 5.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 5.7 LITERATURE CITED -- 6. An Overview of Breeding Glands -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 AMPHIBIAN SKIN GLANDS: A SYNTHESIS ON THEIR STRUCTURE AND DIFFERENT TYPES -- 6.3 MAIN PATTERNS OF AMPHIBIAN GLAND DEVELOPMENT -- 6.4 BIOSYNTHESIS AND MATURATIVE STEPS OF THE SECRETORY PRODUCT -- 6.5 DISTINCTION BETWEEN ORDINARY AND SPECIALIZED GLANDS IN AMPHIBIA -- 6.6 GLAND SPECIALIZED FOR ANTIPREDATORY DEFENCE -- 6.7 AMPHIBIAN GLANDS SPECIALIZED FOR SOCIAL COMMUNICATION AND REPRODUCTION -- DEFINITION OF THE "BREEDING GLANDS" -- 6.7.1 Structure and Ultrastrcture of the Breeding Glands -- 6.7.2 Histochemistry of the breeding glands -- 6.7.3 Androgen Dependence Changes in the Breeding Glands -- 6.7.4 Nature of the Breeding Glands -- 6.7.5 Possible Functions of the SDSG in the Anura -- 6.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 6.9 LI'TERA'TURE CITED -- 7. Internal Fertilization in the Anura with Special Reference to Mating and Female Sperm Storage in Ascaphus -- 7.1 INTERNAL FERTILIZATION WITHIN THE ANURA AND OTHER ANAMNIOTES -- 7.2 COURTSHIP AND MATING -- 7.2.1 Bufonidae -- 7.2.2 Leptodactylidae -- 7.2.3 Ascaphidae -- 7.2.4 Why do Some Aniurans Fertilize their Eggs Internally? -- 7.3. STRUCTURE OF THE PENIS OF ASCAPHUS TRUEI -- 7.3.1 Muscle Layers -- 7.3.2. Epithelium -- 7.3.3 Vascular Supply and Cavernous Tissue.

7.4 FEMALE SPERM STORAGE I N ASCAPHUS -- 7.4.1 Histology and Ultrastructure of Sperm Storage Tubules -- 7.4.2 Variation in Time and Space -- 7.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 7.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 7.7 LITERATURE CITED -- 8. Parental Care: A Phylogenetic Perspective -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 THE PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVE -- 8.3 PARENTAL CARE IN ANURANS -- 8.3.1 General -- 8.3.2 Nest Construction -- 8.3.3 Egg Attendance -- 8.3.4 Egg Transport -- 8.3.5 Egg Brooding -- 8.3.6 Tadpole Attendance -- 8.3.7 Tadpole Transport -- 8.3.8 Tadpole Brooding -- 8.3.9 Tadpole Feeding -- 8.3.10 Froglet Transport -- 8.3.11 Viviparity -- 8.4 SEX OF THE CARE GIVER -- 8.5 THE PHYLOGENETIC DISTRIBUTION OF PARENTAL CARE IN ANURANS -- 8.6 THE PREDOMINANCE OF NO PARENTAL CARE IN ANURANS - TRIUMPH OF THE STATUS QUO? -- 8.7 CASE STUDIES -- 8.7.1 General -- 8.7.2 The Evolution of Parental Care in Poison Dart Frogs (Dendrobatidae) -- 8.7.3 The Origin of Amphisexual Egg Attendance Behavior in Frogs from Madagascar -- 8.7.4 The Evolution of Tadpole Feeding in Caribbean Hylids and Mantella -- 8.7.5 Evolution of Nest Construction and Tadpole Transport in" Fanged Frogs" (Limnonectes) from South East Asia -- 8.8 ADVANCES AND CAVEATS -- 8.9 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- 8.10 SUMMARY -- 8.11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 8.12 LITERATURE CITED -- 9. Development -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 COMMENTARY -- 9.2.1 Embryological Development -- 9.2.2 Postembryological Development -- 9.2.3 Development without a Tadpole -- 9.3 DISCUSSION -- 9.4 LITERATURE CITED -- 10. Molecular Development -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 TWO SEMINAL EXPERIMENTS HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF INDUCTIVE EVENTS -- 10.3 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO QUESTIONS OF MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENT -- 10.4 ENDODERM IS FORMED BY ACTION OF CELL AUTONOMOUS MATERNALLY-DERIVED RNA -- 10.4.1 Summary of Endoderm Formation.

10.5 POLARIZATION OF THE ENDODERM ESTABLISHES THE DORSAL VENTRAL AXIS -- 10.5.1 Cortical Rotation is Essential for Normal Development -- 10.5.2 Maternal RNA, Zygotic factors and Endoderm Polarization -- 10.5.3 Beta-catenin is in a Critical Signating Pathway for Dorsalization -- 10.5.4 Nieuwkoop Experiments Reveal Overlapping Molecular Interactions -- 10.5.5 Siamois is an Important Mediator of Activin and Beta-catenin Signating -- 10.5.6 Wnt Signaling and Polarization -- 10.5.7 TGFBeta Ligands Induce Mesoderm and Dorsalize Embryos -- 10.5.8 Xwnt and the Ventralization Pathway -- 10.5.9 Mesoderm Induction and Ventralization are Separate Events -- 10.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 10.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 10.8 LITERATURE CITED -- Index.