Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1. State Structures, Associational Life, and the Social Basis of Party Systems -- 2. Central, State, and Local Governments in India -- 3. Electoral Laws, Associations, and the Organization of the Catchall Congress Party -- 4. Electoral Competition and the Growth of Central Intervention in the States -- 5. Building Coalitions in the Indian States -- 6. From a Catchall to a Cleavage-Based Party System in an Indian State: Uttar Pradesh -- 7. State Policy, Party Politics, and the Rise of the BJP -- 8. The Centrality of Parties to Indian Politics: The Politics of Economic Reform and Collective Violence -- 9. Forming Links between Social Cleavages and Party Systems: Algeria and Spain -- 10. Conclusion: Rethinking Party Systems and Social Cleavages -- Appendixes -- Notes -- References -- Index.