Cover -- Title -- Statement -- Copyright -- Dedication -- About the Authors -- Contents in Brief -- Detailed Contents -- Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry -- Preface -- Part I: Molecular Components of Cells -- Ch 1: The Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 1.1 What Are the Distinctive Properties of Living Systems? -- 1.2 What Kinds of Molecules Are Biomolecules? -- 1.3 What Is the Structural Organization of Complex Biomolecules? -- 1.4 How Do the Properties of Biomolecules Reflect Their Fitness to the Living Condition? -- 1.5 What Is the Organization and Structure of Cells? -- 1.6 What Are Viruses? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 2: Water: The Medium of Life -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 2.1 What Are the Properties of Water? -- 2.2 What Is pH? -- 2.3 What Are Buffers, and What Do They Do? -- 2.4 What Properties of Water Give It a Unique Role in the Environment? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 3: Thermodynamics of Biological Systems -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 3.1 What Are the Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics? -- 3.2 What Is the Effect of Concentration on Net Free Energy Changes? -- 3.3 What Is the Effect of pH on Standard-State Free Energies? -- 3.4 What Can Thermodynamic Parameters Tell Us About Biochemical Events? -- 3.5 What Are the Characteristics of High-Energy Biomolecules? -- 3.6 What Are the Complex Equilibria Involved in ATP Hydrolysis? -- 3.7 Why Are Coupled Processes Important to Living Things? -- 3.8 What Is the Daily Human Requirement for ATP? -- 3.9 What Are Reduction Potentials, and How Are They Used to Account for Free Energy Changes in Redox Reactions? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry.

Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 4: Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 4.1 What Are the Structures and Properties of Amino Acids? -- 4.2 What Are the Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids? -- 4.3 What Reactions Do Amino Acids Undergo? -- 4.4 What Are the Optical and Stereochemical Properties of Amino Acids? -- 4.5 What Are the Spectroscopic Properties of Amino Acids? -- 4.6 How Are Amino Acid Mixtures Separated and Analyzed? -- 4.7 What Is the Fundamental Structural Pattern in Proteins? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 5: Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions -- Key Questions -- Essential Questions -- Introduction -- 5.1 What Architectural Arrangements Characterize Protein Structure? -- 5.2 How Are Proteins Isolated and Purified from Cells? -- 5.3 How Is the Amino Acid Analysis of Proteins Performed? -- 5.4 How Is the Primary Structure of a Protein Determined? -- 5.5 What Is the Nature of Amino Acid Sequences? -- 5.6 Can Polypeptides Be Synthesized in the Laboratory? -- 5.7 Do Proteins Have Chemical Groups Other Than Amino Acids? -- 5.8 What Are the Many Biological Functions of Proteins? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 6: Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 6.1 What Noncovalent Interactions Stabilize the Higher Levels of Protein Structure? -- 6.2 What Role Does the Amino Acid Sequence Play in Protein Structure? -- 6.3 What Are the Elements of Secondary Structure in Proteins, and How Are They Formed? -- 6.4 How Do Polypeptides Fold into Three-Dimensional Protein Structures? -- 6.5 How Do Protein Subunits Interact at the Quaternary Level of Protein Structure? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems.

Further Reading -- Ch 7: Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 7.1 How Are Carbohydrates Named? -- 7.2 What Are the Structure and Chemistry of Monosaccharides? -- 7.3 What Are the Structure and Chemistry of Oligosaccharides? -- 7.4 What Are the Structure and Chemistry of Polysaccharides? -- 7.5 What Are Glycoproteins, and How Do They Function in Cells? -- 7.6 How Do Proteoglycans Modulate Processes in Cells and Organisms? -- 7.7 Do Carbohydrates Provide a Structural Code? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 8: Lipids -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 8.1 What Are the Structures and Chemistry of Fatty Acids? -- 8.2 What Are the Structures and Chemistry of Triacylglycerols? -- 8.3 What Are the Structures and Chemistry of Glycerophospholipids? -- 8.4 What Are Sphingolipids, and How Are They Important for Higher Animals? -- 8.5 What Are Waxes, and How Are They Used? -- 8.6 What Are Terpenes, and What Is Their Relevance to Biological Systems? -- 8.7 What Are Steroids, and What Are Their Cellular Functions? -- 8.8 How Do Lipids and Their Metabolites Act as Biological Signals? -- 8.9 What Can Lipidomics Tell Us about Cell, Tissue, and Organ Physiology? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 9: Membranes and Membrane Transport -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 9.1 What Are the Chemical and Physical Properties of Membranes? -- 9.2 What Are the Structure and Chemistry of Membrane Proteins? -- 9.3 How Are Biological Membranes Organized? -- 9.4 What Are the Dynamic Processes That Modulate Membrane Function? -- 9.5 How Does Transport Occur Across Biological Membranes? -- 9.6 What Is Passive Diffusion? -- 9.7 How Does Facilitated Diffusion Occur?.

9.8 How Does Energy Input Drive Active Transport Processes? -- 9.9 How Are Certain Transport Processes Driven by Light Energy? -- 9.10 How Is Secondary Active Transport Driven by Ion Gradients? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 10: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 10.1 What Are the Structure and Chemistry of Nitrogenous Bases? -- 10.2 What Are Nucleosides? -- 10.3 What Are the Structure and Chemistry of Nucleotides? -- 10.4 What Are Nucleic Acids? -- 10.5 What Are the Different Classes of Nucleic Acids? -- 10.6 Are Nucleic Acids Susceptible to Hydrolysis? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 11: Structure of Nucleic Acids -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 11.1 How Do Scientists Determine the Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids? -- 11.2 What Sorts of Secondary Structures Can Double-Stranded DNA Molecules Adopt? -- 11.3 Can the Secondary Structure of DNA Be Denatured and Renatured? -- 11.4 Can DNA Adopt Structures of Higher Complexity? -- 11.5 What Is the Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes? -- 11.6 Can Nucleic Acids Be Synthesized Chemically? -- 11.7 What Are the Secondary and Tertiary Structures of RNA? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 12: Recombinant DNA: Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes -- Key Questions -- Essential Questions -- Introduction -- 12.1 What Does It Mean "To Clone"? -- 12.2 What Is a DNA Library? -- 12.3 Can the Cloned Genes in Libraries Be Expressed? -- 12.4 What Is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)? -- 12.5 How Is RNA Interference Used to Reveal the Function of Genes? -- 12.6 Is It Possible to Make Directed Changes in the Heredity of an Organism? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading.

Part II: Protein Dynamics -- Ch 13: Enzymes-Kinetics and Specificity -- Key Questions -- Essential Questions -- Introduction -- 13.1 What Characteristic Features Define Enzymes? -- 13.2 Can the Rate of an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction Be Defined in a Mathematical Way? -- 13.3 What Equations Define the Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions? -- 13.4 What Can Be Learned from the Inhibition of Enzyme Activity? -- 13.5 What Is the Kinetic Behavior of Enzymes Catalyzing Bimolecular Reactions? -- 13.6 How Can Enzymes Be So Specific? -- 13.7 Are All Enzymes Proteins? -- 13.8 Is It Possible to Design an Enzyme to Catalyze Any Desired Reaction? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 14: Mechanisms of Enzyme Action -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 14.1 What Are the Magnitudes of Enzyme-Induced Rate Accelerations? -- 14.2 What Role Does Transition-State Stabilization Play in Enzyme Catalysis? -- 14.3 How Does Destabilization of ES Affect Enzyme Catalysis? -- 14.4 How Tightly Do Transition-State Analogs Bind to the Active Site? -- 14.5 What Are the Mechanisms of Catalysis? -- 14.6 What Can Be Learned from Typical Enzyme Mechanisms? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 15: Enzyme Regulation -- Key Questions -- Essential Question -- Introduction -- 15.1 What Factors Influence Enzymatic Activity? -- 15.2 What Are the General Features of Allosteric Regulation? -- 15.3 Can Allosteric Regulation Be Explained by Conformational Changes in Proteins? -- 15.4 What Kinds of Covalent Modification Regulate the Activity of Enzymes? -- 15.5 Is the Activity of Some Enzymes Controlled by Both Allosteric Regulation and Covalent Modification? -- Summary -- Foundational Biochemistry -- Problems -- Further Reading -- Ch 16: Molecular Motors -- Key Questions -- Essential Question.

Introduction.