Cover -- Contents -- Introduction. The Multiplying Challenges of Modern Representation -- I. REPRESENTATION THROUGH ELECTIONS -- Chapter 1. Evaluating U.S. Electoral Institutions in Comparative Perspective -- Chapter 2. Are American Elections Sufficiently Democratic? -- Chapter 3. Barriers to Voting in the Twenty-First Century -- Chapter 4. Uneven Democracy: Turnout, Minority Interests, and Local Government Spending -- Chapter 5. Fairness and Bias in Electoral Systems -- Chapter 6. Political Party Organizations, Civic Representation, and Participation -- II. REPRESENTATION BEYOND ELECTIONS -- Chapter 7. The Paradox of Voting-for Republicans: Economic Inequality, Political Organization, and the American Voter -- Chapter 8. A Democratic Balance: Bureaucracy, Political Parties, and Political Representation -- Chapter 9. The Closing of the Frontier: Political Blogs, the 2008 Election, and the Online Public Sphere -- Chapter 10. The Technological Basis of Organizational Membership: Representation of Interests in the New Media Age -- Chapter 11. The Principle of Affected Interests: An Interpretation and Defense -- Chapter 12. Citizen Representatives -- Notes -- List of Contributors -- Index -- Acknowledgments.